Lexus GS 450h (2013) - pictures, information - specs

Lexus GS 450h

With a five vehicle hybrid line-up, Lexus reinforces its commitment to hybrid technology with the all-new 2013 Lexus GS 450h. When it was introduced for the 2007 model year, the GS 450h was the first hybrid-powered luxury sport sedan to enter the market. Today, the Lexus GS 450h is the world's first premium performance sedan to be equipped with a V6 Atkinson cycle gas engine and two-motor hybrid system, in a front engine rear-wheel drive vehicle.

The hybrid version of the 2013 GS 350 incorporates improvements to its hybrid powertrain and is equipped with a second generation Lexus Hybrid Drive system. Lexus GS 450h engineers have aimed for reductions in fuel consumption and emissions, while providing exhilarating performance.

With a total system power output of 338 hp, the Lexus GS 450h will accelerate effortlessly from 0-60 mph in 5.6 seconds. Conversely, fuel consumption is expected to be improved by more than 30 percent. The GS 450h is targeting certification as a Super-Ultra Low Emissions Vehicle II (SULEV II). The new GS hybrid also features a Drive Mode selector. In addition to the Normal mode, the driver can customize the driving experience using Eco, Sport S, Sport S+ and EV modes.

"The all-new GS 450h will provide our customers with an exciting blend of performance and precision in a new hybrid package," said Mark Templin, Lexus group vice president and general manager in the U.S. "With its dynamic exterior styling, roomy interior and advanced technology features, the GS 450h further demonstrates Lexus' mastery of the luxury hybrid."

2013 Lexus GS 450h

As with all Lexus hybrid vehicles, the new Lexus GS 450h is a full hybrid capable of operating in gas-only or electric-only modes, as well as a combination of both. Its Lexus Hybrid Drive system features an ultra-smooth running, Atkinson cycle 3.5-liter V6 engine mated to a compact, high-output, water-cooled permanent magnet electric motor. The two powerplants drive the rear wheels both independently and in tandem, as needed.

In addition to the gas engine and electric motor, the new GS 450h's hybrid drive system a generator; a high-performance nickel-metal hydride battery; a power split device which, via planetary reduction gears, combines and re-allocates power from the engine, electric motor and generator according to operational requirements; and a compact power control unit to govern the high speed interaction of the system components.

Adapted specifically for the hybrid powertrain and a first for premium performance sedans, the 3.5-liter V6, DOHC engine benefits from several technical improvements including the adoption of the Atkinson Cycle engine design to optimize the fuel-efficient benefits of Lexus Hybrid Drive.

Compression is delayed in an Atkinson Cycle engine, because the intake valves close late. This creates a high expansion ratio for less compression, reducing intake and exhaust energy losses and converting combustion energy to engine power more effectively.

A high compression ratio of 13:1; a new, mid-port intake tumble generator; and the adoption of the latest evolution of Lexus' four-stroke, direct injection technology, D-4S, help the Lexus GS 450h achieve better fuel consumption.

With one injector installed in the combustion chamber and a second mounted in the intake port, D-4S combines the strengths of both direct and port injection, realizing optimum engine efficiency throughout the power band and improving torque across the rev range, while minimizing fuel consumption and emissions.

The D-4S system features new slit-type injector nozzles with a modified port shape, a higher fuel pressure for more efficient combustion, and idle port injection for improved NHV characteristics.

Engine noise, vibration and friction have been lowered through the adoption of lightweight chain technology.

The cooling performance of the hybrid system's Power Control Unit (PCU) helps reduce fuel consumption and has been improved through the adoption of dual cooling paths and a single-piece, integrated AC/DC converter.

System control has been enhanced. The PCU boosts motor drive voltage to a maximum 650V in Sport mode and limits it to a maximum of 500V in Eco mode under normal driving conditions where maximum output is not required. The motor is driven at lower voltage to provide a more environmentally-advanced driving performance to help enhance fuel efficiency.

The electric motor features lighter mounts and reduced friction. The system's regenerative braking operation range has been expanded, contributing to further improvements in fuel efficiency. In addition, the battery layout has been redesigned. A new stacked configuration maximizing luggage space allows the 2013 GS 450h to have more cargo area than the previous generation gas model.

All second-generation GS hybrid models have a new platform that is designed to be more rigid compared to the previous models. Engineers conducted extensive platform testing, ultimately increasing the number of spot welds and adding laser welds in very specific locations. The track works in combination with a revised suspension design to assure a more solid stance and superior cornering performance.

The new suspension system is designed to help guide the 2013 GS through corners with precision. In the front, upper and lower control arms are made from aluminum and employ larger bushings. The rear subframe has been completely redesigned to accommodate an all-new multi-link rear suspension, using improved suspension geometry that retains tire cornering force and enhances rear control. With the stiffer platform and lighter components, the shocks can use lighter-viscosity oil, so they move easily and respond to small inputs more quickly.

The use of front and rear aluminum control arms helps reduce unsprung weight and results in significant improvements in agility, roll damping, ride comfort, body control and steering precision. Overall, the suspension is lighter and stronger, allowing it to react to driver input readily, and ride quietly without harshness. Ventilated disc brakes featuring four-piston aluminum front calipers includes the latest electronic enhancements to help provide braking balance and control.

The standard 17-inch alloy wheels are paired with 225/50R17 tires while the optional 18-inch alloy wheels are equipped with 235/45R18 tires. The Lexus GS 450h's Electronically Controlled Braking (ECB) system characteristics have been modified to provide greater responsiveness from the first touch of the pedal.

Like the GS 350, the GS 450h will be standard equipped with 10 airbags, including a knee airbag for both driver and front passenger. Rear seat occupants have seat-mounted side airbags, and all four outboard occupants are equipped with side curtain airbags. Also standard are new Whiplash Injury Lessening (WIL) front seats that reduce the space between the occupant's head and headrest, to help limit excessive head movement, and help decrease the severity of whiplash-type injuries in certain types of collisions. Standard seatbelts with pretensioners with force limiters used for front and outboard rear seats further assist occupant protection.

Available options to help further enhance safety include a pre-collision system, which uses the dynamic radar cruise control system to provide early warning of upcoming objects that might result in a collision. The system also uses a Lexus first infrared camera to monitor the driver's eyes to check on driver status. In the event that the driver does not appear to be looking forward when a collision appears imminent, the system will initiate the warning at an earlier threshold. If the driver still does not respond and make the appropriate maneuver, the system will initiate light braking intervention up to two seconds prior to impact, designed to help to lessen the severity of the collision.

Other available safety systems include a Night Vision System that enhances driver visibility at night; Heads Up Display (HUD); a Blind Spot Monitor that helps detect vehicles in rear/side blind spots; and Lane Keep Assist (LKA) with Lane Departure Warning (LDW). LKA provides a small amount of active steering torque to help maintain course, while the LDW feature alerts the driver if the system detects that the vehicle is beginning to drift out of the lane.

The 2013 GS expresses a new generation of Lexus' design philosophy with its precisely sculpted exterior and will lead the rest of the lineup in an entirely new direction. When designers shaped the GS they visualized the flow of air around it and, like the LFA supercar, maximized aerodynamic efficiency.

Exclusive to the hybrid model is a unique three-lamp design that aligns the turn signal and Lexus-first high and low beam LED lamps in a single horizontal row. The improved illumination and beam range provided by LED lamps offers better visibility even under low beam driving conditions. In addition, the rear bumper of the Lexus GS 450h covers the exhaust pipe apertures. The GS 450h can also be distinguished by Lexus' signature blue hybrid badging.

The GS fuses distinctive style with engineering functionality. Fins incorporated into the side of the tail lamps and the design of the trunk area all help direct air over and past the car. The rear bumper underbody area was designed for reduced wind resistance to help keep the car steady. Finally, air inlets located on the outer edges of the lower grille serve as cooling ducts.

The signature spindle grille with its trapezoidal contours evolved from current Lexus styling and fully integrates into the aggressive front bumper allowing for efficient airflow. This distinctive Lexus design feature combined with the deep-set, high-tech headlamps and L-shaped LED daytime running lamps further express the vehicle's confident and dynamic character.

From the side, the GS projects the image of a spacious sport sedan with a road-hugging wider stance. The tapered lower rocker panel and the short front overhang give the vehicle a sense of motion. Width-enhancing front and rear wheel arches adds an athletic stance enhancing the vehicle's dynamic presence.

The rear bumper features centered aero fins to help control underbody airflow. Combined with the L-shaped LED tail lamps, a Lexus design cue, these rear bumper features lend a high-performance appearance. Overall, the new GS sheet metal represents a significant extension of the Lexus L-finesse philosophy that is the core of all Lexus product design.

The GS line-up will feature three colors that are new to the Lexus color palette: Riviera Red, Meteor Blue Mica and Liquid Platinum. Vehicles in Riviera Red will benefit from glass flakes incorporated into the coating that adds a high level of brilliance to the paint. Lexus engineers developed a new advanced coating process for Liquid Platinum exteriors. The GS will be the first Lexus to adopt this new coating technology. Vehicles with the Liquid Platinum exterior will appear more radiant as an additional metallic texture gives both strong shading and defined, sharp highlights. This metallic effect makes subtle and defined bodylines more noticeable and the surface appear finely polished.

The Lexus GS 450h will share the same luxurious and technological amenities as its gas counterpart, including next generation Remote Touch; analog clock with LED indicators, carved from an ingot; and a new energy-saving auto climate control system called S-Flow that focuses airflow only to the front area where passengers are actually seated. A few notable differences include a bamboo-finished steering wheel which reinforces the sustainability of the GS 450h, and the hybrid monitor.

"There is no other mid-luxury hybrid like the new GS 450h," said Lexus'Templin. "The handling, acceleration, and design of this Lexus hybrid are impeccable. We can't wait for customers to drive one."

Материалы: http://www.netcarshow.com/lexus/2013-gs_450h/

Похоже, 2013 Lexus GS 450h - яркий пример того, что Toyota, наконец, поняла, каким должен быть гибрид премиум-класса.

С новым двигателем V6 и обновленной системой гибрида модель 2013 заметно улучшила экономию топлива, лишь немного пожертвовав грубой функциональностью. По данным Lexus, новая модель будет выдавать 8,11 л на 100 км в городе и 6,92 - на шоссе. Это на 35% лучше предыдущей модели, что очень и очень неплохо, учитывая, что разгоняется автомобиль до 100 км всего за 5,6 секунд. Предыдущая модель была с тремя выборами двигателя, в новой модели Lexus упростил выбор до двух вариантов - гибрида или не гибрида. Гибридная версия будет выдавать 338 л.с., негибридная - 306 л.с.

В аккумуляторе гибрида по-прежнему используется никелево-металлические гибридные батареи, хотя их немного переместили, чтобы было больше места в багажнике (0,37 м?). Toyota также обновила контроллер гибрида (теперь он похож на тот, что стоит в LS 600hL), чтобы улучшить остывание и, соответственно, эффективность. Максимальное напряжение ограничено до 500 в эко-режиме, и до 650 вольт в спортивном режиме. Да, спорт-режим в 2013 GS 450h все-таки есть. Здесь есть даже режим Спорт-Плюс.

Будьте уверены, что экономия топлива произведет на вас главное впечатление после короткой поездки в новой модели Lexus, но это еще не все. Гибрид также может похвастаться новым стилем, салоном и шасси, которые были усовершенствованы. Салон просто потрясающе выглядит со всеми этими бамбуковыми отделками. Как же еще убедить покупателей, что вы заботитесь об окружающей среде? Естественно, использовать в дизайне новой модели автомобиля прочный природный материал.

Поначалу может показаться, что GS 450h намного тяжелее стандартного GS. Действительно, при весе 1900 кг гибрид набрал лишние 180 кг по сравнению с предыдущей моделью. В режиме Спорт-Плюс машина кажется чуть меньше, хотя вы все равно не спутаете гибрид со стандартной GS. Но благодаря хорошему крутящему моменту в электромоторах GS 450h, автомобиль может сорваться с места довольно агрессивно. Гладкая подача мощности - главное преимущество GS 450h. Хотя тормоза немного подпортили ощущение гладкости, но, как говорится, в семье не без урода.

Все же, Toyota нашла отличную золотую середину между отличным исполнением и экономией топлива. Хотя эта модель не быстрее GS 350 и не динамичнее (из-за лишнего веса), GS 450h все же кажется именно таким гибридом, каким должен быть гибрид премиум-класса у Lexus. Стоимость GS 450h обнародуют только в марте 2012 года, перед апрельским релизом. Представители Lexus рассчитывают, что 10% всех продаж будет отведено гибридами, а значит, они рассчитывают продавать их где-то по 2400 штук в год.

Материалы: http://www.avtobeginner.ru/articles/378/lexus-gs-450-h-overview-2013.html

Vehicle Facts

29 / 34MPG

When Lexus introduced the GS 450h hybrid sport sedan in 2007, it confused a lot of folks. The automaker proudly brandished its performance credentials such as acceleration from 0 to 60 mph in 5.2 seconds, making it both the quickest Lexus and the quickest hybrid vehicle at the time.

As for fuel economy, the raison d’être for hybrid vehicles, the 450h’s combined mileage rating of only 23 mpg didn’t come close to hitting the high notes associated with a gasoline engine combined with electric motors.

Straight-line performance may have been impressive, but driving enthusiasts weren’t overly enthused with the GS’s road handling characteristics, and hybrid geeks scoffed at the miles-per-gallon numbers.

For 2013, Lexus has taken a different approach for the GS 450h. This time the attention is on fuel economy, as in a 33 percent improvement in fuel mileage compared with the 2011 model. (There was no 2012 model.)

More impressively, performance wasn’t sacrificed for the newfound efficiency. Zero to 60 mph is just a couple ticks slower at 5.6 seconds—still close to V8 powered sport sedans. Complementing the engine power, steering is more responsive and handling is sharper which will appeal to those who want a car that is fun to drive.

But wait, there’s more. The 2013 GS boasts a redesigned stylish interior with more room, new features and new looks that broadcasts a new found bravado.

What hasn’t changed is the price. The new 2013 GS 450h hybrid starts at $59,450-the same price the company charged for the 2011 GS 450h. Check off all of the option packages and the price nudges $70,000.

There are two additional models in the GS lineup. The V6 powered GS 350 has a base price of $47,250 for rear-wheel drive, $49,800 for all-wheel drive. While it appears there is a $12,000-plus price premium for the GS 450h, it has a long list of standard features that are optional on the GS 350. When the 350 is comparably equipped, the price difference is closer to $5,000.

Also offered is the GS 350 F Sport that starts at $52,940 for rear drive and $55,495 for AWD. Although the powertrain is the same as the standard trim level, the F Sport adds a dose of aggressiveness with features like the Lexus Dynamic Handling system with active dampers, four-wheel steering and variable steering ration.

Of note, it’s a given that Europe takes sports sedans seriously and Lexus offers the GS 450h in F Sport trim for Euro markets. The automaker is considering the hybrid F Sport for the U.S, for which we say, what are they waiting for?

The 2013 GS 450h is equipped with a second generation Lexus Hybrid Drive system that combines a gasoline engine and two electric motors. It requires no plug-in charging; the nickel-metal hydride battery pack’s electricity is replenished primarily by capturing energy dissipated during braking and coasting.

Lexus names its hybrid models differently than those with conventional powertrains. It calculates the GS 450h has the comparable power of a 4.5-liter gas engine when the hybrid’s 3.5-liter V6 engine is combined with the electric motor.

The 450h continues as a series-parallel hybrid, or “full hybrid,” meaning it can travel on the electric motor alone, the gasoline engine alone, or a combination of the two determined by onboard sensors that balance power and economy.

Changes to improve fuel economy begin with the normally aspirated 286 horsepower V6 gas engine carried over from the previous model.

Part of the improved consumption is the result of increasing the engine’s compression ratio from 11.8 to 13:1. Additional fuel savings comes from Lexus’s dual-injector system that combines direct fuel injection with port fuel injection for each cylinder, which also achieves improvements in torque and emissions.

Lexus says that changing from the conventional four-stroke Otto cycle to the more fuel efficient Atkinson cycle contributes fuel savings of 12 to 14 percent. While the Atkinson cycle relinquishes some power in exchange for efficiency (in this case, six horsepower), it is made up with the electric motor, so total output remains at 338 horsepower.

That extra power to drive the rear wheels is produced by a water-cooled 200 horsepower 650-volt electric motor generator. A secondary 180 horsepower motor is the primary generator as well as fulfilling the roles of engine starter and engine speed controller.

Also aiding reduced fuel consumption is improved cooling of the hybrid’s power control unit (PCU). In the GS hybrid’s Eco mode, the PCU takes it a step further by limiting the drive motor to a maximum of 500 volts. And lastly, the system’s regenerative braking operation range has been expanded, contributing to further improvements in fuel efficiency.

The 30-kilowat battery pack is carried over from the 2011 model but the battery layout has been redesigned. A new stacked configuration increases trunk space from 9.5 cubic feet to 13.2 cubic feet.

Like many hybrid vehicles, the GS 450h employs a continuously variable transmission, or CVT. It plays the role of an automatic but uses a belt-pulley system instead of a finite set of gears. The intent is continuously adjusting gear ratios through a planetary gearset that more precisely matches engine output with acceleration and fuel economy. Steering wheel paddles allow drivers to “downshift” and “upshift” but these are programmed virtual shift points, not actual fixed gears.

As in other hybrid models, the Lexus Hybrid Drive’s electric motor, generator, power-split planetary gear mechanism and motor-speed reduction gearing are all housed in one lightweight, highly compact transmission housing.

What are the fuel economy results of this second edition hybrid system? An EPA estimated 29 city, 34 highway and 31 combined mpg, an astounding improvement compared to the previous GS hybrid’s rating of 22/25/23 combined mpg.

Of course if you drive it like it’s capable of being driven, you won’t achieve anything like those numbers.

With the 2013 GS-series, Lexus broke away from its reputation of styling blandness and presents a visual intensity of passion and drama. The 2013 Lexus GS introduces the new Lexus family styling, called L-finesse. The design establishes an emotional connection not unlike a BMW or Mercedes-Benz owner experiences.

It starts with an aggressive, angular front with a new “spindle” grille flanked by deep-set headlamps that will most certainly encourage other road users to move over swiftly. Distinctive air inlets on either side of the wide lower grille make the statement that this is a serious sport sedan.

In profile the GS hybrid isn’t quite as expressive and has a more formal look. But burly fender bulges and a sculpted lower skirt again confirm the car is an authentic sport sedan. At the rear, taillights establish a style that carries over to the LS and ES models.

The GS 450h can be distinguished by concealed tailpipes and Lexus’ now signature blue hybrid badging.

With an all-new exterior comes a fully redesigned interior. In the Lexus tradition it is finely crafted marked by contrast-stitched leather upholstery and aluminum accents that contribute to a casual-luxury ambience. GS 450h cabins have bamboo accents to reinforce the environmental-sustainability message of the hybrid powertrain.

Crisply lit gauges continue as a Lexus trademark but the new dash features a more contemporary layout that is divided in to two distinct zones, with a horizontal plane splitting them.

The top zone, or display zone, includes the instrument cluster and LCD screen – 12.3-inches-wide when equipped with the optional navigation system. Centered below the screen is a new analog clock with LED indicators, carved from a single ingot of aluminum.

Below the screen, the lower zone is placement for the audio and climate controls. A substantial center console houses the selector for “Eco”, “Sport” and ”Sport Plus” modes and a conventional auto shifter with a leather-trimmed shift knob.

Instruments are all analog, presented using digital technology. That means that the rev counter only appears when the car is in Sport mode, otherwise it displays the battery state-of-charge.

The new GS hybrid carries over the same wheelbase and overall length, but is 1.2-inches taller and two-inches wider, gaining head, shoulder and hip room. Up front, the driver and passenger are cosseted in firm, supportive seats that can be heated or cooled. Passengers in the rear will find the seats all-day comfortable for two, not so much with three.

Today, the battle to gain a luxury car buyer’s attention goes beyond luxurious surroundings and comfort; it includes the latest high-tech infotainment gear for connectivity and entertainment. Here, Lexus can stand shoulder-to-shoulder with any competitor.

Standard electronic features include Bluetooth connectivity, text-to-speech text messaging and a surround-sound audio system with a CD changer, satellite radio, an iPod/USB interface and an auxiliary audio jack.

With the optional navigational system, the 12.3-inch screen is split in to two sections, displaying simultaneous viewing. On the driver’s side, a large panel shows a map display, audio or other similar info that needs to be large and easy to read, while a second smaller section covers less important details and some menu options.

The system is also the gateway to the Lexus Enform application suite. Pair a smart phone via Bluetooth or a physical connection, and you can tap into Internet search engines, apps such as Pandora, OpenTable and Yelp or access your Facebook.

The electronic wizardry continues with available features such as blind-spot monitoring, lane-departure prevention system, adaptive cruise control, head-up display, pre-collision warning system and an automated parallel parking system.

Unseen, but significant, body and chassis changes to the 2013 GS 450h brings precision to the driving experience that luxury buyers demand. It’s effortless, but there’s now a sense of involvement that was lacking in previous Lexus offerings.

The new platform is more rigid, and the track-the distance between opposite wheels-is wider by almost two inches. Engineers increased the use of aluminum for the front double wishbones and a revised multilink setup in back uses a new rear subframe and more aggressive geometry. With the stiffer platform and lighter components, shock absorbers use lighter-viscosity oil, so they move easily and respond to small inputs more quickly.

The most notable ride and handling enhancement is the Lexus Adaptive Variable Suspension. It’s an option on the GS 350 but is standard on the hybrid model. The system constantly adapts to driving and road conditions and is driver adjustable.

The ride’s absorbency suggests the sponges in the suspension are from Neiman Marcus. Even in the sportiest Sport Plus driving mode the ride is taut, but still comfortably compliant. Bumps and those pesky expansion joints have a negligible impact.

Weighing some 4,190 pounds, the rear-drive 450h is no lightweight, but its variable-geared electronic steering, the well-sorted chassis and suspension and adaptive suspension contribute toward making the car manageable, nimble and grippy on twisty roads, while also helping it feel very stable and planted at high speed.

There is nothing like a well-balanced rear-drive sedan on a winding road in terms of feedback combined with comfort. I particularly liked the steering, which communicates quite well with the road surface, is responsive and offers just-right levels of steering assist.

The arresting characteristic about the GS hybrid is its vivid performance when both the engine and the electric motor are at maximum output. The machine smoothness of the V6 and the sheer punch of the electric motor are distinct, delivering the sense of pure, naturally aspirated performance.

In all honesty, though, most of the time we had the GS 450h in Eco mode-where the dials go blue, as opposed to red in Sport Plus mode-with most of the 126 miles consisting of in town driving trying our best to conserve fuel and not frustrate other drivers with our moderate speeds. The results were 29.7 mpg, slightly better than the EPA’s estimate of 29. That’s compared to 24.7 mpg during our 89 miles of “let ‘er rip” backcountry road driving.

Our consensus is the GS hybrid’s best trick is being an excellent luxury sport sedan and an excellent hybrid at the same time.

When introduced in 2007, the GS 450h was the only luxury hybrid sport sedan available. Today, however, there are other highly respected competitors who are vying for the same buyers, each offering performance and credible fuel economy numbers to go along with their presentation of luxury.

The closest GS hybrid competitor is Infiniti’s M35 Hybrid. Its hybrid system gives consumers a different flavor of hybrid technology. Unlike the Lexus, which uses a CVT, the Infiniti drives the rear wheels with a conventional seven-speed automatic transmission, the intent being more spirited performance. With a sticker price of $54,650 the M Hybrid is $4,800 less than the GS hybrid but its fuel economy of 27 City/32 Highway/29 Combined is bested by the Lexus numbers of 29 /34 /31.

If German engineering is your preference, BMW’s ActiveHybrid 5 should be on your shopping list. Starting at $61,100, the price of entry is higher than the GS 450h plus, fuel economy numbers of 23 /30 /26 are markedly less than both the Lexus and Infiniti. But laudable engineering, driving excitement, strong resale value and, yes, prestige, are part of the BMW package.

Mercedes-Benz’s entry into the luxury hybrid segment is the E400 Hybrid that offers fuel economy numbers of 24 /30 /26. Unlike the others, the E400 is more about the luxury experience that Mercedes is known for rather than performance, even though the starting price of $55,800 is the least expensive entrant.

Perhaps the pinnacle of luxury hybrid sport sedans is Porsche’s Panamera S Hybrid. It brings with it what Porsche is all about, a performance and handling distinction that takes a back seat to no one. Those credentials also brings a high price tag-$96,150-but the fuel economy stats of 22 /30 /25 take the back seat compared to the other offerings.

The 2013 Lexus GS 450h is a standout for a car of its size, performance, luxury and comfort. Yes it’s pricey, but it is evidence of how skillful engineering can make a hi-tech car that simply gets on with the job while delivering relatively good fuel economy and low emissions.

Prices are Manufacturer Suggested Retail Price (MSRP) at time of writing and do not include destination charges, taxes or licensing.

Материалы: http://www.hybridcars.com/2013-lexus-gs-450h-review/