Volkswagen Lavida • Wikipedia

1.4TSI 131 PS (96 kW; 129 hp) I4 DOHC 16V

1.6L 105 PS (77 kW; 104 hp) I4 16V

2.0L 120 PS (88 kW; 120 hp) I4

4,454 mm (175.4 in) (Gran Lavida)

1,765 mm (69.5 in) (Gran Lavida)

1,460 mm (57.5 in) (Gran Lavida)

The Volkswagen Lavida is a four door compact saloon manufactured by Shanghai Volkswagen Automotive for the Chinese market. Originally launched at Auto China 2008 in Beijing, the Lavida is considered the first mass-produced Volkswagen small family car which was mainly designed by its Chinese partner. In 2010, the car was the number one seller in China, with 251,615 vehicles delivered. [1]

The model was significantly updated in 2012, with the launch of the "New Lavida" at the Beijing Auto Show and the additional Variant (estate) version was expected to be launched at the 2013 Shanghai Auto Show. [2]

Contents

First generation (2008–2012) [ edit ]

The first generation Lavida is based on the Volkswagen Group PQ34 platform (PQ34L) and competes with a similar Chinese Volkswagen produced by FAW-Volkswagen: the VW Jetta/Bora Mk4. A common design is that the Lavida is a notchback, but it almost resembled a two box fastback, similar to the Lexus LS.

At launch it was equipped with two engine options: 1.6L or 2.0L. The Lavida 1.4 TSI Sport was added to the range at Auto Shanghai 2009, which uses the same engine as the FAW-VW Sagitar TSI and equipped with either the five speed manual shift gearbox or the seven speed direct shift dual clutch gearbox.

Up to the replacement in April 2012, the Lavida sold more than 700,000 units. [3]

In July 2015, Volkswagen launched a 'New Lavida' with a redesigned exterior, but more notchback than the first generation Lavida resembling a fastback. [4]

Engines [ edit ]

The Lavida has three engine options: the 1.4L turbo, 1.6L and 2.0L petrol engine. The 1.6L engine also powers the Polo Mk4 sedan, the 2.0L engine powers the Volkswagen Passat. The 1.4 TSI engine is shared with the Sagitar, Magotan, Golf Mk6 and Bora. The 2.0L was dropped in the facelift model of 2012.

The 1.4L can accelerate from zero to 100 km/h (62.1 mph) in 9.6 seconds and has a top speed of 190 km/h (118.1 mph). The 1.6L version has a top speed of 180 km/h (111.8 mph). [5]

E-Lavida [ edit ]

In 2010, Shanghai Volkswagen unveiled an E-Lavida concept car at Auto China 2010, though no details of production have been forthcoming. [6]

Second generation (2012–present) [ edit ]

The range was significantly updated in 2012, with the launch of the "New Lavida" at the Beijing Auto Show. The 1.4 and 1.6 engines carry over, and the 2.0 option was axed. The new Lavida is more notchback than the first generation, that almost resembled a two box fastback.

The new Lavida retains the 2610mm wheelbase, but is slightly lower, shorter and wider; 4605mm long, 1765mm wide, and 1460mm tall. It is built on the platform of the first generation Škoda Octavia and has an extended wheelbase. There is a new model, called the "Lavida Lang Xing", which is the hatchback variant of the New Lavida. [7]

Gran Lavida (2013–present) [ edit ]

The Volkswagen Gran Lavida is a compact estate produced by Shanghai Volkswagen in its Anting plant. It was launched in May 2013, and replaced the Lavida Sport saloon. The nationwide launch will be carried out towards the end of July.

In summer 2012, the Audi A3 Sportback 8P was used as base for the technical development of a new model. In November, the first test vehicles were seen on Chinese roads. The cars were named Škoda Sportback and had a typical Škoda grille and bumpers using the typical Audi A3 like headlamps. The taillights were resembled that from the Škoda Octavia II Combi. [8]

The fully developed Volkswagen Gran Lavida was presented in April 2013 at the Shanghai Auto Show. [9] Now it was using the front and rear bumpers of the new Volkswagen Lavida. The taillights come this time similarly from the Audi A3 convertible. [10] Until the start of series production, the exterior of the new Lavida were adapted. Only the tail lights are be different from the Lavida saloon.

According to initial information, Volkswagen will use a 1.4 litre engine as standard, followed by a 1.8 litre engine and a two litre as the top engine.

Материалы: http://wikipedia.moesalih.com/Volkswagen_Lavida

REVIEW VW LAVIDA 2016 [FULL]

https://youtu.be/wZp-xdUfKFA Subscribe Please : http://goo.gl/Fl6lNf OR http://goo.gl/u0i1Rm OR http://goo.gl/h3z03B McLaren .

2017 Volkswagen Lavida 180TSI DSG In Depth Review Interior and Exterior

The Volkswagen Lavida is a four-door compact saloon manufactured by Shanghai Volkswagen Automotive for the Chinese market. Originally launched at Auto .

Car Crash : VW Lavida crashed into a BYD Tang 20160305

Volkswagen Lavida (укр. Вольксваген Лавіда) — седан компак.

Volkswagen Lavida (укр. Вольксваген Лавіда) — седан компактного класу, що продається концерном Volkswagen з 2008 року. Це перший автомобіль Volkswagen розроблений в Китаї, він попобудований на платформі Volkswagen Golf четвертого покоління.

Эксперты: Россияне не знают о бестселлере Volkswagen Lavida .

Российские специалисты рассказали о самых популярных автомобилях в странах, где вкусы покупателей значительно отличаются от отечественных автолюбителей. На первом месте оказалась модель Volkswagen Lavida, являющаяся бестселлером в Китае. Автомобиль разработан на платформе Volkswagen Polo, а его .

Составлен список неизвестных российским автолюбителям .

Как сообщили эксперты китайской ассоциации CAAM, наибольшую популярность в поднебесной имеет автомобиль Volkswagen Lavida. Эта машина построена на базе платформы VW Golf четвертого поколения. Отмечается, что дизайн кузова этой машины напоминает Skoda Rapid, что касается силовой установки, то .

Самые популярные модели Китая, США, Бразилии. Мы идем . - За рулем

В прошлом году абсолютным лидером рынка был… минивэн Wuling Hongguang (продано 650 тысяч штук), в серой раскраске чем-то напоминающий вазовскую «Надежду». Он поначалу лидировал и в этом году, хотя ему предрекали быстрое падение. На втором месте видим седан Volkswagen Lavida (нечто среднее между .

Российский рынок прорвался на 13-е место

Однако в двух крупнейших автомобильных державах предпочтения иные: лидирующие позиции в продажах держат модели, практически неизвестные на других рынках. Так, если верить автомобильному порталу wroom.ru, в Китае больше всего за полугодие было продано минивэнов Wuling Hongguang, далее идет .

VW appoints design center director

The Passat GT concept, a special edition model built based on extensive feedback from U.S. customers and dealers, is one example of how Volkswagen can tailor its products to market needs, according to the company. Brun joined the Volkswagen Group in .

Automobilové hity, o kterých nikdo nikdy neslyšel

Lavida, Gol, Onix, Etios. Říkáte si, co to je? Všechno jsou to značky skutečně existujících vozů. Jsou to automobily nejvyhledávanější mezi zákazníky, kde mají odlišné preference než v Evropě. Sputnik představuje nejpodivnější automobilové hity, které .

A Guide To A Bunch Of Weird Chinese Car Brands You've Never .

Here's another Volkswagen Lavida, and to me this doesn't even look like a Volkswagen. Shangai cops seem to be a bit more eco-friendly than cops in the U.S., driving around in their Roewe plug-in hybrid cop cars. This was the only VW Golf I saw; the .

Little-known cars, drivers won in 2017

The media presented a list of cars-bestsellers that have not received widespread popularity, however, remain popular in different parts of the world. In China in January-October 2017 the most popular was the Volkswagen Lavida is based on the platform .

Две модели Lada вошли в ТОП‐80 самых продаваемых авто в .

Мировой ТОП автомобилей-бестселлеров, которые неизвестны . - Новости Нижнего Новгорода

Любой россиянин знает, что самыми востребованными легковушками на отечественном рынке являются модели LADA. Но на других мировых рынках есть аналогичные бюджетники (и не только), которые имеют там огромную популярность и при этом совершенно неизвестны в России. Так, лидерами китайского рынка в .

ТОП-10 самых продаваемых автомобилей в Китае

на второй – популярная «народная» модель Volkswagen Lavida (283 тыс.). Последняя модель по своим техническим характеристикам и размерам стоит близко к Škoda Octavia первого поколения – модели делят одну платформу. Бестселлером в Китае уже достаточно длительное время является минивэн Wuling Hong .

Самые популярные семейные седаны 2016 года

Названы самые популярные семейные седаны за 2016 год. Сенсации не произошло: как и в прошлые годы, лидером в этом классе остается Toyota Camry. Однако мировые продажи Тойота Кемри упали на 11,7% – до 659 260 авто. А вот дальше в рейтинге популярности произошли изменения. На второе место вышел .

Эксперты назвали топ-5 самых популярных автомобилей мира в .

На втором месте в рейтинге оказалось семейство пикапов Ford F-Series (244 709 продаж), на третьем — Volkswagen Golf с 220 140 продажами. Четвёртое место занял кроссовер Honda CR-V, пятое — Honda Civic. Также в число самых популярных автомобилей попали Toyota RAV4, Ford Focus, Volkswagen Polo .

Кондиционер за доплату: когда Volkswagen создаст бюджетный .

Volkswagen пришел в КНР еще в 1978 г. и сегодня имеет 16 филиалов. Первый завод был создан в партнерстве с фирмой Shanghai Automotive Industry Corporation (SAIC) в 1984 году. Сейчас там выпускают адаптированные Tiguan, Touran, Passat, Lavida, Polo, Santana и Skoda Octavia. А в начале 1990-х .

Volkswagen Amarok galardonada con el International Pick-up .

La Volkswagen Amarok ha recibido el premio International Pick-up Award 2018, que ya le fue otorgado en el año 2010, pero ahora gracias a su motor V6. Esta pick-up de la marca Alemana ha sido la preferida de periodistas especializados de todo el mundo .

Какие авто самые популярные в мире. ТОП-20 бестселлеров

7, 6, Volkswagen Polo, 282 010, 296 237, -4,80%. 8, 4, Ford Focus, 281 721, 308 018, -8,50%. 9, 22, Volkswagen Tiguan, 281 168, 195 021, 44,20%. 10, 16, Ram pick-up, 254 605, 234 327, 8,70%. 11, 9, Toyota Camry, 249 039, 271 904, -8,40%. 12, 8, Hyundai Elantra, 243 104, 285 058, -14,70%. 13, 13 .

Além do Santana: os 13 sedãs da Volkswagen na China

Com mesmo porte e plataforma do Voyage, os chineses Santana e Jetta atuam como modelos de entrada da Volkswagen por lá. Além da carroceria sedã, a dupla tem versão hatch (Grand Santana e Grand Lavida) além de variante aventureira (Cross Santana e Cross .

Por venganza ladrones de autos ejecutan a dos empleados de VW

Jorge Sombrerero fue asesinado el 8 de noviembre y su tío Rodolfo Parra el día 15. Semanas atrás una banda de delincuentes les robó una camioneta, ellos lograron recuperarla sin ayuda de las autoridades, provocando el enojo de los maleantes. Una banda .

La cantante Silvina D'Agostino perdió la vida en un accidente .

Ayer alrededor de las 16:30 se produjo un accidente fatal en el ingreso sur de nuestra ciudad, perdiendo la vida la docente y cantante local Silvina D'Agostino, al chocar frontalmente su automóvil Volkswagen Fox contra un camión de carga.

Седан Volkswagen Lavida примерил новое корпоративное «лицо»

М одель Volkswagen Lavida на китайском рынке чрезвычайно успешна — с 2008 до начала 2012 года в Поднебесной выпустили 700 тысяч седанов. Прелесть проекта для немцев ещё и в том, что на разработку автомобиля была потрачена небольшая сумма — в основе Лавиды лежит платформа от четырёхдверки Bora .

VW Lavida 2017湖北試駕：大眾朗行

八月份暑假期間我去了趟湖北旅遊，期間的代步車就是這輛VW Lavida，它在大陸稱為「大眾- 朗行」。我很好奇大陸合資廠做出來的車輛到底是如何的.

2015 Volkswagen Lavida

2015 Volkswagen Lavida Para las últimas noticias en coches clásicos y actuales visita:Panoramadelmotor:http://goo.gl/L1J3cj Musica biblioteca Show your .

Volkswagen Lavida tv commercial

Volkswagen release a new car in china,name Lavida. This is Lavida TV commercial.

Материалы: http://www.dofaq.com/ua/volkswagen-lavida

1.4TSI 131 PS (96 kW; 129 hp) I4 DOHC 16V

4,454 mm (175.4 in) (Gran Lavida)

The Volkswagen Lavida is a four door compact saloon manufactured by Shanghai Volkswagen Automotive for the Chinese market. Originally launched at Auto China 2008 in Beijing, the Lavida is considered the first mass-produced Volkswagen small family car which was mainly designed by its Chinese partner. In 2010, the car was the number one seller in China, with 251,615 vehicles delivered. [1]

The model was significantly updated in 2012, with the launch of the "New Lavida" at the Beijing Auto Show and the additional Variant (estate) version was expected to be launched at the 2013 Shanghai Auto Show. [2]

The first generation Lavida is based on the Volkswagen Group PQ34 platform (PQ34L) and competes with a similar Chinese Volkswagen produced by FAW-Volkswagen: the VW Jetta/Bora Mk4. A common design is that the Lavida is a notchback, but it almost resembled a two box fastback, similar to the Lexus LS.

At launch it was equipped with two engine options: 1.6L or 2.0L. The Lavida 1.4 TSI Sport was added to the range at Auto Shanghai 2009, which uses the same engine as the FAW-VW Sagitar TSI and equipped with either the five speed manual shift gearbox or the seven speed direct shift dual clutch gearbox.

Up to the replacement in April 2012, the Lavida sold more than 700,000 units. [3]

In July 2015, Volkswagen launched a 'New Lavida' with a redesigned exterior, but more notchback than the first generation Lavida resembling a fastback. [4]

Engines [ edit ]

The Lavida has three engine options: the 1.4L turbo, 1.6L and 2.0L petrol engine. The 1.6L engine also powers the Polo Mk4 sedan, the 2.0L engine powers the Volkswagen Passat. The 1.4 TSI engine is shared with the Sagitar, Magotan, Golf Mk6 and Bora. The 2.0L was dropped in the facelift model of 2012.

The 1.4L can accelerate from zero to 100 km/h (62.1 mph) in 9.6 seconds and has a top speed of 190 km/h (118.1 mph). The 1.6L version has a top speed of 180 km/h (111.8 mph). [5]

E-Lavida [ edit ]

In 2010, Shanghai Volkswagen unveiled an E-Lavida concept car at Auto China 2010, though no details of production have been forthcoming. [6]

The range was significantly updated in 2012, with the launch of the "New Lavida" at the Beijing Auto Show. The 1.4 and 1.6 engines carry over, and the 2.0 option was axed. The new Lavida is more notchback than the first generation, that almost resembled a two box fastback.

The new Lavida retains the 2610mm wheelbase, but is slightly lower, shorter and wider; 4605mm long, 1765mm wide, and 1460mm tall. It is built on the platform of the first generation Škoda Octavia and has an extended wheelbase. There is a new model, called the "Lavida Lang Xing", which is the hatchback variant of the New Lavida. [7]

Gran Lavida (2013–present) [ edit ]

The Volkswagen Gran Lavida is a compact estate produced by Shanghai Volkswagen in its Anting plant. It was launched in May 2013, and replaced the Lavida Sport saloon. The nationwide launch will be carried out towards the end of July.

In summer 2012, the Audi A3 Sportback 8P was used as base for the technical development of a new model. In November, the first test vehicles were seen on Chinese roads. The cars were named Škoda Sportback and had a typical Škoda grille and bumpers using the typical Audi A3 like headlamps. The taillights were resembled that from the Škoda Octavia II Combi. [8]

The fully developed Volkswagen Gran Lavida was presented in April 2013 at the Shanghai Auto Show. [9] Now it was using the front and rear bumpers of the new Volkswagen Lavida. The taillights come this time similarly from the Audi A3 convertible. [10] Until the start of series production, the exterior of the new Lavida were adapted. Only the tail lights are be different from the Lavida saloon.

According to initial information, Volkswagen will use a 1.4 litre engine as standard, followed by a 1.8 litre engine and a two litre as the top engine.

1. ^"What Makes Shanghai-VW Lavida the Most Popular Car in China?". China Auto Web. 12 March 2011 . Retrieved 22 April 2013 .  
2. ^"Volkswagen Lavida Variant teased for Shanghai". InAutoNews . Retrieved 19 April 2013 .  
3. ^"Volkswagen Launches China-Only New Lavida [Beijing Auto Show]". Car and Driver. 25 April 2012 . Retrieved 25 February 2013 .  
4. ^"First Images of the Volkswagen New Lavida for China" . Retrieved 22 August 2015 .  
5. ^"All-new Volkswagen Lavida". China Daily. 27 August 2012 . Retrieved 25 February 2013 .  
6. ^"Volkswagen debuts E-Lavida in China". Autoblog Green. 3 May 2010 . Retrieved 25 February 2013 .  
7. ^http://www.chinacartimes.com/2013/03/13/lavida-hatchback-gains-chinese-name-ready-for-shanghai-auto-show/
8. ^http://chinaautoweb.com/2012/11/spy-shots-of-vw-lavida-sportback-disguised-as-a-skoda/
9. ^http://indianautosblog.com/2013/04/vw-gran-lavida-auto-shanghai-2013-72327
10. ^http://www.carsvw.com/2013/04/surprise-at-the-shanghai-auto-show-the-volkswagen-sportback/

• Category

1. Shanghai Volkswagen – SAIC Volkswagen is an automobile manufacturing company headquartered in Anting, China and a joint venture between Volkswagen Group and SAIC Motor. It was founded in 1985 and produces cars under the Volkswagen, the joint venture is made up of equity from - Volkswagen AG, Volkswagen Invest, SAIC, with a fixed-term venture for 45 years. SAIC Volkswagen sold a total of 1.16 million vehicles in 2011, SAIC Volkswagen was formed in March 1985, as a joint venture between Volkswagen and SAIC. This was a 25-year contract to make cars in Shanghai with a limit of 50 per cent foreign ownership. SAIC Volkswagen began automobile production in 1985, as car imports fell to some 34,000 in 1990, SAIC Volkswagens production of its Santana models reached nearly 19,000 vehicles that year. By 1993 SAIC Volkswagen’s output had reached 100,000 vehicles, Volkswagen was aided by some Shanghai municipal efforts. Various restrictions on size, as well as incentives to city taxi companies. Volkswagen also encouraged its foreign suppliers to create joint ventures in China. Notes, aSales to dealersbDeliveries to customers SAIC Volkswagen

2. Shanghai Automotive Industry Corporation – SAIC Motor Corporation Limited is a Chinese state-owned automotive design and manufacturing company headquartered in Shanghai, China, with multinational operations. Its manufacturing mix is not wholly consumer offerings, however, with as many as 1,000, 000+ SAIC passenger vehicles being commercial vans. SAIC traces its origins to the years of the Chinese automobile industry in the 1940s. Currently, it participates in the oldest surviving sino-foreign car making joint venture, with Volkswagen, SAIC products sell under a variety of brand names, including those of its joint venture partners. Two notable brands owned by SAIC itself are MG, a historic British car marque, a small company in the 1970s, SAIC owes its rise to more than an increase in domestic demand for passenger vehicles. Early success at SAIC may also be a result of guidance provided by local Shanghai authorities, for these two reasons and more, SAIC grew swiftly. In the 11 years leading to 1996, annual production capacity increased ten-fold to 300,000 units/year, during this period, SAIC effectively built an entire modern automotive component supply chain in Shanghai from scratch, and the number and quality of locally produced auto parts rose significantly. In 1987, the local parts used in one car, the Volkswagen Santana, were tires, radio, and antenna. A goal set by the Shanghai Municipal government, creation of a local industry is an example of the influence that the local government has had on the development of SAIC. In June 1997, SAIC formed a major joint venture, Shanghai General Motors Co Ltd. The new joint venture operations in 1998, and helped to drive a doubling in SAICs vehicle production between 2000 and 2004. Initially partnering with foreign automakers, creating joint ventures with component suppliers, such as the American Visteon, at the start of the 2000s, SAIC made several acquisitions in Korea. Around this time SAIC created a new holding company for its subsidiaries employed in passenger car production, in the middle of the decade, SAIC attempted to acquire the British automaker MG Rover, but in 2005 was outbid by another Chinese automaker, Nanjing Automobile. SAIC did manage to obtain some MG Rover technology that was incorporated into a new line of luxury sedans sold under the Roewe marque, and it subsequently purchased the winning bidder. While the company saw success in the late 2000s, with 2.72 million vehicles sold in 2009, its 2004 purchase of an ownership stake in a Korean SUV-maker, Ssangyong. In January 2009, after an additional US$45 million was provided to it by SAIC, courts might have mandated SAIC reduce its ownership, and by 2010 a 51. 33% share of the Korean company had become a 10% one. The 2009 Ssangyong failure also saw riot police quell protesting Ssangyong workers who staged a 77-day-long sit in, SAIC may have benefitted from exposure to some technology from Mercedes that Ssangyong controlled during this time. In 2010, SAIC produced 3.58 million units, the largest output of any China-based automaker that year, in February 2011, SAIC unveiled a new commercial vehicles marque, Maxus

3. Volkswagen – Volkswagen, shortened to VW, is a German automaker founded on May 28,1937 by the German Labour Front and headquartered in Wolfsburg. It is the flagship marque of the Volkswagen Group and is the largest automaker worldwide, Volkswagen is German for peoples car, and the companys current international advertising slogan is just Volkswagen. American English pronunciation is approximately volks wagon, for vehicle timeline tables, see, Volkswagen. Volkswagen was originally established in 1937 by the German Labour Front, in the early 1930s, the German auto industry was still largely composed of luxury models, and the average German could rarely afford anything more than a motorcycle. As a result, only one German out of 50 owned a car, seeking a potential new market, some car makers began independent peoples car projects – the Mercedes 170H, Adler AutoBahn, Steyr 55, and Hanomag 1. 3L, among others. The trend was not new, as Béla Barényi is credited with having conceived the design in the mid-1920s. Josef Ganz developed the Standard Superior, in Germany, the company Hanomag mass-produced the 2/10 PS Komissbrot, a small, cheap rear engined car, from 1925 to 1928. Also, in Czechoslovakia, the Hans Ledwinkas penned Tatra T77, Ferdinand Porsche, a well-known designer for high-end vehicles and race cars, had been trying for years to get a manufacturer interested in a small car suitable for a family. He felt the cars at the time were just stripped down big cars. He wanted his German citizens to have the access to a car as the Americans. The Peoples Car would be available to citizens of the Third Reich through a plan at 990 Reichsmark —about the price of a small motorcycle. Despite heavy lobbying in favor of one of the existing projects, thus, Hitler chose to sponsor an all-new, state-owned factory using Ferdinand Porsches design. The intention was that ordinary Germans would buy the car by means of a savings scheme, however, the entire project was financially unsound, and only the corruption and lack of accountability of the Nazi regime made it possible. Prototypes of the car called the KdF-Wagen, appeared from 1938 onwards, the car already had its distinctive round shape and air-cooled, flat-four, rear-mounted engine. The VW car was just one of many KdF programs, which included such as tours. The prefix Volks— was not just applied to cars, but also to products in Germany. On May 28,1937, Gesellschaft zur Vorbereitung des Deutschen Volkswagens mbH, more than a year later, on September 16,1938, it was renamed to Volkswagenwerk GmbH. Erwin Komenda, the longstanding Auto Union chief designer, part of Ferdinand Porsches hand-picked team, developed the car body of the prototype and it was one of the first cars designed with the aid of a wind tunnel—a method used for German aircraft design since the early 1920s

4. Anting – Anting is a town in Jiading District, Shanghai, bordering Kunshan, Jiangsu to the west. It has 52,800 inhabitants and, after the July 2009 merger of Huangdu, Anting is one of the centres of the Chinese automotive industry, it is home to Shanghai Automotive Industry Corporation and includes the German/Chinese joint venture, Shanghai Volkswagen Automotive. This enterprise has the largest market share of cars in China. The Shanghai International Circuit, Chinas first Formula One race track, is located near the town, the Shanghai Auto Museum is also located here, on Boyuan Road. As of 2011, Anting is divided into 20 residential communities and 43 villages, among the most well-known of which is Tamiao, in the southern part of town, an extension of Anting Auto City called Anting New Town is being built in the fashion of Anting German Town. The first phase of Anting New Town construction will be completed in June 2007, with the second phase slated to begin before the end of 2007, the latter spanning three years. Upon completion the hope is that the town will be a modern community, with a noticeably German urban aesthetic. However, amid tentative financial troubles and poor sales of housing and retail, Anting is served by Line 11 of the Shanghai Metro, connected to the Lifehub shopping center Anting Station. Anting North Railway Station is on the Shanghai–Nanjing Intercity Railway, the first 5* International hotel, Crowne Plaza Shanghai Anting Golf, opened its doors in Anting, Jiading District on 4 September 2012. It is located at 6555 Boyuan Road

5. Car classification – Governments and private organizations have developed car classification schemes that are used for innumerable purposes including regulation, description and categorization, among others. This article details commonly used classification schemes in use worldwide, vehicles can be categorized in numerous ways. Regulatory agencies may also establish a vehicle classification system for determining a tax amount, in the United Kingdom, a vehicle is taxed according to the vehicles construction, engine, weight, type of fuel and emissions, as well as the purpose for which it is used. Other jurisdictions may determine vehicle tax based upon environmental principles, such as the user pays principle, another standard for road vehicles of all types that is used internationally, is ISO 3833-1977. In the United States, since 2010 the Insurance Institute for Highway Safety uses a scheme it has developed that takes into account a combination of both shadow and weight. The United States Federal Highway Administration has developed a scheme used for automatically calculating road use tolls. There are two categories depending on whether the vehicle carries passengers or commodities. Vehicles that carry commodities are further subdivided by number of axles and number of units, the United States Environmental Protection Agency has developed a classification scheme used to compare fuel economy among similar vehicles. Passenger vehicles are classified based on a total interior passenger. Trucks are classified based upon their gross vehicle weight rating, heavy duty vehicles are not included within the EPA scheme. A similar set of classes is used by the Canadian EPA, in Australia, the Federal Chamber of Automotive Industries publishes its own classifications. This is a table listing several different methods of vehicle classification. Straddling the boundary between car and motorbike, these vehicles have engines under 1.0 litre, typically only two passengers, and are sometimes unorthodox in construction. Some microcars are three-wheelers, while the majority have four wheels, microcars were popular in post-war Europe, where their appearance led them to be called Bubble cars. More recent microcars are often electric powered, the size of ultracompact cars will be less than minicars, but have engine greater than 50cc displacement and able to transport 1 or 2 persons. Ultracompact cars cannot use standard, because of strict safety standards for minicars. The regulation about running capacity and safety performance of cars will be published in early autumn. Today, there are smaller than ultracompact cars, called category-1 motorized vehicles which it has 50cc displacement or less

6. Compact car – The dimension standards are absolute, meaning special consideration is not made for SUVs, CUVs, minivans, station wagons or hatchbacks. Compact car is a largely North American term denoting an automobile smaller than a mid-size car, Compact cars usually have wheelbases between 100 inches and 109 inches. The United States Environmental Protection Agency defines a car as measuring between 100 cubic feet and 109 cubic feet of combined passenger and cargo volume capacity. Vehicle class size is defined in the U. S. by environmental laws in the Code of Federal Regulations, Title 40—Protection of Environment, Section 600. 315-82 Classes of comparable automobiles. Passenger car classes are defined based on interior volume index or seating capacity, in the United States, the compact car segment currently holds a 16% share of the market. This segment is dominated by import models, one of the first truly small cars on the U. S. market, in the sense that it was considerably smaller than the standard- size cars of its day, was the Austin Bantam that appeared in 1930. Production of the British-based city car lasted only four years with a total of 20,000 units, although other little cars such as the Crosley focused on low price and economy, Americans did not take easily to small cars. The U. S. market after World-War II experienced growth in sales in standard-sized cars, by 1947, Chevrolet had prototypes of the Cadet, an economy car developed by Earle S. MacPherson. Ford also experimented with a car and, unlike Chevrolets Cadet, production ensued for the European market as a large car. In 1950, Nash introduced a convertible Rambler model and it was built on a 100-inch wheelbase to which a station wagon, hardtop, and sedan versions were added. Compared to European standards, they were large, conceived by George W. Mason, the term compact was coined by George W. Romney as a euphemism for small cars with a wheelbase of 110 inches or less. The Nash Rambler established a new segment, it became known as Americas first small car. Several competitors to the Nash Rambler arose from the ranks of Americas other independent automakers, other early compact cars included the Henry J from Kaiser-Frazer, as well as the Willys Aero and the Hudson Jet. In 1952, Ford Division assistant general manager Robert S. McNamara started the Market Research Unit, in 1954,64,500 of over 5 million cars sold in the United States were imports or small American cars. Ford alone sold over 1.4 million big cars, yet 5 percent of those surveyed said they would consider a small car. These models also gave rise to compact vans that were sized similarly to the Volkswagen Type 2 microbus and were based from the Falcon, Corvair, and Valiant automobile platforms. Ford Division marketing research manager George Brown said smaller cars appealed to people with a college education, the cars had to offer not only high gas mileage but also headroom, legroom, and plenty of trunk space. Within a few years after that, the compacts had given rise to a new class called the car, named after the Ford Mustang

7. C-segment – C-segment is a Euro Car Segment, a car classification loosely defined by the European Commission as the third smallest segment in the European market. Although the definition is vague, there is overlap between segments A-F based on mass and area parameters. In 2011, the C-segment had an EU market share of 23%, the tiny A-segment cars include the Chevy Spark and Smart Fortwo. Theyre extremely short and very light, slightly larger are B-segment cars like the Ford Fiesta and Chevy Sonic. The A- and B-cars are known as subcompacts, in the C-segment — typically called compacts — are the largest of the small cars

8. Sedan (car) – A sedan /sᵻˈdæn/ or saloon is a passenger car in a three-box configuration with A, B & C-pillars and principal volumes articulated in separate compartments for engine, passenger and cargo. The passenger compartment features two rows of seats and adequate passenger space in the compartment for adult passengers. The cargo compartment is typically in the rear, with the exception of some rear-engined models, such as the Renault Dauphine, Tatra T613, Volkswagen Type 3 and it is one of the most common car body styles. A battery electric sedan such as the Tesla Model S has no engine compartment, but a front cargo compartment, the primary purpose of the sedan is to transport people and their baggage on ordinary roads. Sedan versions of the body style have a central pillar that supports the roof and come in two-. Sedans usually have a two-box or three-box body, popular in the U. S. from the 1950s through the 1970s, true hardtop body designs have become increasingly rare. For example,1962 Rambler Classic sedans feature identical windshield, A-pillar, roof, C-pillar, and rear window. A two- or four-door design built on a chassis, but with a shorter roof and interior space. Originating from the car on a Pullman passenger train that was well appointed. A notchback sedan is a sedan, where the passenger volume is clearly distinct from the trunk volume of the vehicle. The roof is on one plane, generally parallel to the ground, the window at a sharp angle to the roof. A fastback sedan is a sedan, with continuous slope from the roof to the base of the decklid. They are not fastbacks because their bodyline changes from the roof to the rear deck and their steeply raked rear windows end with a decklid that does not continue down to the bumper. Instead, their ends are tall — sometimes in a Kammback style — to increase trunk space. Typically this design is chosen for its aerodynamic advantages, automakers can no longer afford the penalty in fuel consumption produced by the traditional notchback three box form. In historic terminology, a sedan will have a frame around the door windows, a true hardtop design also has no center or B pillar for roof support behind the front doors). This pillarless body style offers greater visibility, however, it requires extra underbody strengthening for structural rigidity. The hardtop design can be considered separately, or it can be called a hardtop sedan, during the 1960s and 1970s, hardtop sedans were often sold as sport sedans by several American manufacturers and they were among the top selling body styles

9. Estate car – The body style transforms a standard three-box design into a two-box design — to include an A, B, and C-pillar, as well as a D-pillar. Station wagons can flexibly reconfigure their interior volume via fold-down rear seats to prioritize passenger or cargo volume. Can be loaded through a tailgate, when a model range includes multiple body styles, such as sedan, hatchback and station wagon, the models typically share their platform, drivetrain and bodywork forward of the A-pillar. In 1969, Popular Mechanics said, Station wagon-style, follows that of the production sedan of which it is the counterpart. Most are on the wheelbase, offer the same transmission and engine options. Station wagons have evolved from their use as specialized vehicles to carry people and luggage to and from a train station. Station wagon and wagon are the names in American, Canadian, New Zealand, Australian and African English, while estate car. Both names harken to the role as a shuttle, with storage space for baggage. Having shared antecedents with the British shooting-brake, station wagons have been marketed as breaks, early U. S. models often had exposed wooden bodies and were therefore called woodies. Manufacturers may designate station wagons across various model lines with a proprietary nameplate. Examples include Estate, Avant, Touring, Tourer and Cross-Tourer, SW for Station Wagon or Sports Wagon, Estate, MCV, Tourer, Kombi or Variant and Sports Tourer, SW - Sportswagon or Caravan. Both station wagons and hatchbacks typically share a two-box design configuration, with one shared, flexible, interior volume for passengers and cargo — and a rear door for cargo access. Further distinctions are highly variable, Pillars, Both configurations typically feature A, B & C-pillars, station wagons feature a D-pillar, cargo Volume, Station wagons prioritize passenger and cargo volume — with windows aside the cargo volume. Cargo floor contour, Favoring cargo capacity, a station wagon may prioritize a fold-flat floor, seating, Station wagons may have two or three rows of seats while hatchbacks may only have one or two. Rear suspension, A station wagon may include reconfigured rear suspension for additional load capacity, Station wagons have also enjoyed numerous tailgate configurations. Hatchbacks may be called Liftbacks when the area is very sloped. You could have a 90-degree break in the back and have a station wagon, a model range may include multiple configurations, as with the 2005–2007 Ford Focus which offered sedan, wagon and three and five-door hatchback models. The first station wagons were a product of the age of train travel and they were originally called depot hacks because they worked around train depots as hacks

10. Hatchback – A hatchback is a car body configuration with a rear door that swings upward to provide access to a cargo area. Hatchbacks may feature fold-down second row seating, where the interior can be reconfigured to prioritize passenger vs. cargo volume. Hatchbacks may feature two- or three-box design, while early examples of the body configuration can be traced to the 1930s, the Merriam-Webster dictionary dates the term itself to 1970. The hatchback body style has been marketed worldwide on cars ranging in size from superminis to small family cars, Hatchbacks may be described as three-door or five-door cars. A model range may include multiple configurations, as with the 2001–2007 Ford Focus which offered sedan, wagon, the models typically share a platform, drivetrain and bodywork forward of the A-pillar. Hatchbacks may have a rigid parcel shelf, liftable with the tailgate. Both station wagons and hatchbacks typically feature a two-box design configuration, with one shared, flexible, interior volume for passengers, further distinctions are highly variable, Pillars, Both configurations typically feature A, B & C pillars, station wagons more likely also feature a D pillar. Cargo volume, Station wagons prioritize passenger and cargo volume, with alongside the cargo volume. Cargo floor contour, Favoring cargo capacity, a station wagon may prioritize a fold-flat floor, seating, Station wagons have two or three rows of seats while hatchbacks have one or two rows of seats. Rear suspension, A station wagon may include reconfigured rear suspension for additional load capacity, Station wagons also have numerous tailgate configurations. Typically, a hatch or liftgate does not extend down to the bumper. You could have a 90-degree break in the back and have a station wagon, a liftback is a broad marketing term for a hatchback where the rear cargo door is more horizontal than vertical, with a sharply raked or fastback profile. In comparison with the hatchback the back opening area is sloped and longer and is lifted up to open. Liftback and fastback are often misused, a fastback is described as a hatchback where the rear cargo door flows down continuously from the roof of the car and most of the time is not as raked as the liftback. In 1946, DeSoto marketed the Suburban as a station wagon, in 1949, Kaiser-Frazer introduced the Vagabond and Traveler hatchbacks. Although these were styled much like the typical 1940s sedan, they incorporated an innovative split rear tailgate, folding rear seats, the design was neither fully a sedan nor a station wagon, but the folding rear seat provided for a large, 8-foot long interior cargo area. These Kaiser-Frazer models have described as America’s First Hatchback. In 1953, Aston Martin marketed the DB2 with a rear tailgate

11. Automobile layout – In automotive design, the automobile layout describes where on the vehicle the engine and drive wheels are found. Many different combinations of engine location and driven wheels are found in practice, factors influencing the design choice include cost, complexity, reliability, packaging, weight distribution, and the vehicles intended handling characteristics. Layouts can roughly be divided into two categories, front- or rear-wheel drive, four-wheel-drive vehicles may take on the characteristics of either, depending on how power is distributed to the wheels. Front-wheel-drive layouts are those in which the front wheels of the vehicle are driven, the most popular layout used in cars today is the front-engine, front-wheel drive, with the engine in front of the front axle, driving the front wheels. As the steered wheels are also the wheels, FF cars are generally considered superior to FR cars in conditions such as snow, mud. The weight of the engine over the wheels also improves grip in such conditions. Electronic traction control can avoid wheelspin but largely negates the benefit of extra torque/power, a transverse engine is commonly used in FF designs, in contrast to FR which uses a longitudinal engine. This is another reason luxury/sports cars avoid the FF layout, exceptions do exist, such as the Volvo S80 which uses transversely mounted inline 6 and V8 engines, and the Ford Taurus SHO, available with a 60° V8 and front-wheel drive. There are some exceptions to this as rear engine designs do not take away interior space and it also has fewer components overall and thus lower weight. However, this may apply for cars with moderate power-to-weight ratio. According to road test with two Dodge Daytonas, one FWD and one RWD, the layout is also important for what configuration is the fastest. Weight shifting limits the acceleration of a front-wheel-drive vehicle, however, since front-wheel-drive cars have the weight of the engine over the driving wheels, the problem only applies in extreme conditions in which case the car understeers. On snow, ice, and sand, rear-wheel drive loses its traction advantage to front or all-wheel-drive vehicles which have greater weight over the driven wheels. Rear-wheel-drive cars with engine or mid engine configuration retain traction over the driven wheels. A rear-wheel-drive cars centre of gravity is shifted rearward when heavily loaded with passengers or cargo, on front-wheel-drive cars, the short driveshaft may reduce drivetrain elasticity, improving responsiveness. Instead, the tunnel may be used to route the exhaust system pipes. Weight, Fewer components usually means lower weight, improved fuel efficiency due to less weight. Cost, Fewer material components and less installation complexity overall, however, the considerable MSRP differential between a FF and FR car cannot be attributed to layout alone. Few modern family cars have rear-wheel drive as of 2009, so a direct cost comparison is not necessarily possible, assembly efficiency, the powertrain can often be assembled and installed as a unit, which allows more efficient production

12. Front-engine design – In automotive design, an FWD, or front-engine, front-wheel-drive layout places both the internal combustion engine and driven roadwheels at the front of the vehicle. Historically, this designation was used regardless of whether the engine was behind the front axle line. Most pre-World War II front engine cars would qualify as front-mid engine, using the front-mid designation and this layout is the most traditional form, and remains a popular, practical design. The engine which takes up a deal of space is packaged in a location passengers. The main deficit is weight distribution — the heaviest component is at one end of the vehicle, car handling is not ideal, but usually predictable. Like the rear-engine, rear-wheel-drive layout and rear mid-engine, rear-wheel-drive layout layouts, it places the engine over the drive wheels, improving traction in many applications. As the steered wheels are also the wheels, FWD cars are generally considered superior to RWD cars in conditions where there is low traction such as snow, mud. When hill climbing in low traction conditions RR is considered the best two-wheel-drive layout, the cornering ability of a FWD vehicle is generally better, because the engine is placed over the steered wheels. However, as the wheels have the additional demands of steering, if a vehicle accelerates quickly, less grip is available for cornering. Electronic traction control can avoid wheel-spin but largely negates the benefit of extra power and this was a reason for the adoption of the four-wheel-drive quattro system in the high performance Jensen FF and Audi Quattro road cars. Early cars using the FWD layout include the 1929 Cord L-29,1931 DKW F1, the 1948 Citroën 2CV,1949 Saab 92, in the 1980s, the traction and packaging advantages of this layout caused many compact and mid-sized vehicle makers to adopt it in the US. Most European and Japanese manufacturers switched to front wheel drive for the majority of their cars in the 1960s and 1970s, the last to change being VW, Ford of Europe, Toyota was the last Japanese company to switch in the early 1980s. BMW, focussed on luxury vehicles, however retained the layout in even their smaller cars. There are four different arrangements for this layout, depending on the location of the engine. The earliest such arrangement was not technically FWD, but rather mid-engine, the engine was mounted longitudinally behind the wheels, with the transmission ahead of the engine and differential at the very front of the car. With the engine so far back, the distribution of such cars as the Cord L-29 was not ideal. The 1934 Citroën Traction Avant solved the weight issue by placing the transmission at the front of the car with the differential between it and the engine. Combined with the low slung unibody design, this resulted in handling which was remarkable for the era

13. Front-wheel drive – Front-wheel drive is a form of engine and transmission layout used in motor vehicles, where the engine drives the front wheels only. Most modern front-wheel-drive vehicles feature an engine, rather than the conventional longitudinal engine arrangement generally found in rear-wheel-drive. Rear-engined layouts are possible, but rare, according to various sources, sometime between 1895 and 1898 Gräf & Stift built a voiturette with a one-cylinder De Dion-Bouton engine fitted in the front of the vehicle, powering the front axle. It was thus arguably the worlds first front-wheel-drive automobile, but it never saw mass production, in 1898, Latil, in France, devised a front-wheel-drive system for motorising horse-drawn carts. In 1898/9 the French manufacturer Société Parisienne patented their front-wheel drive articulated vehicle concept which they manufactured as a Victoria Combination and it was variously powered by 1.75 or 2.5 horsepower De Dion-Bouton engine or a water cooled 3.5 horsepower Aster engine. The engine was mounted on the front axle and so was rotated by the tiller steering and it also known as the Eureka. By 1899 Victoria Combinations were participating in motoring events such as the 371 km Paris-St Malo race, finishing 23rd overall, in October a Victoria Combination won its class in the Paris-Rambouillet-Paris event, covering the 100 kilometre course at 26 km/h. In 1900 it completed 240 kilometres non-stop at 29 km/h, when production ceased in mid-1901, over 400 copies had been sold for 3,000 Francs each. J. Walter Christie of the United States patented a design for a front-wheel-drive car and he promoted and demonstrated the vehicle by racing at various speedways in the United States, and even competed in the 1906 Vanderbilt Cup and the French Grand Prix. In 1912 he began manufacturing a line of wheeled fire engine tractors which used his front-wheel-drive system, the next successful application of front-wheel drive was the supercharged Alvis 12/50 racing car designed by George Thomas Smith-Clarke and William M. Dunn of Alvis Cars of the United Kingdom. This vehicle was entered in the 1925 Kop Hill Climb in Princes Risborough in Buckinghamshire on March 28,1925, however, the idea of front-wheel drive languished outside of the motor racing arena as no major auto manufacturer attempted the same for production automobiles. Market experiments in the United States were left to small endeavors such as the Ruxton, neither automobile maker was particularly successful on the open market. Alvis Cars introduced a commercial model of the Alvis 12/50 in 1928. The first successful consumer application came in 1929, the BSA produced the unique front-wheel-drive BSA three-wheeler. Production continued until 1936 during which time sports and touring models were available, in 1931 the DKW F1 from Germany made its debut. Buckminster Fuller adopted rear-engine, front wheel drive for his three Dymaxion Car prototypes, other German car producers followed, Stoewer offered a car with front-wheel drive in 1931, Adler in 1932 and Audi in 1933. In 1934, the very successful Traction Avant cars were introduced by Citroën of France, the Cord 810 of the United States managed a bit better in the late 1930s than its predecessor one decade earlier. These vehicles featured a layout that places the engine behind the transmission, another result of this design is a lengthened chassis

14. Automobile platform – It is practiced in the automotive industry to reduce the costs associated with the development of products by basing those products on a smaller number of platforms. This further allows companies to create models from a design perspective on similar underpinnings. Platform sharing is a development method where different products and the brand attached share the same components. The purpose with platform sharing is to reduce the cost and have a more efficient product development process, the companies gain on reduced procurement cost by taking advantage of the commonality of the components. However, this limits their ability to differentiate the products. The companies have to make a trade-off between reducing their development costs and the degree of differentiation of the products, one of the first car companies to use this product development approach was General Motors in 1908. A basic definition of a platform in cars, from a point of view, includes, underbody and suspensions — where the underbody is made of front floor, underfloor, engine compartment. Many vendors refer to this as product or vehicle architecture, the concept of product architecture is the scheme by which the function of a product is allocated to physical components. The car platform strategy has become important in new product development, the finished products have to be responsive to market needs and to demonstrate distinctiveness while — at the same time — they must be developed and produced at low cost. Adopting such a strategy affects the development process and also has an important impact on an organizational structure. A platform strategy also offers advantages for the process of automobile firms. Manufacturers are then able to offer products at a lower cost to consumers, additionally, economies of scale are increased, as is return on investment. In the 1980s, Chryslers K-cars all wore a badge with the letter K to indicate their shared platform, in later stages, the K platform was extended in wheelbase, as well as use for several of the Corporations different models. GM used similar strategies with its J platform that debuted in mid-1981 in four of GMs divisions and they were popular through the 1980s, primarily. Even Cadillac started offering a J body model called the Cimarron, a similar strategy applied to what is known as the N-J-L platform, arguably the most prolific of GMs efforts on one platform. Once more, GMs four lower level divisions all offered various models on this throughout the 1980s. For example, the Lexus ES is essentially an upgraded and rebadged Toyota Camry, after Daimler-Benz purchased Chrysler, Chrysler engineers used several M-B platforms for new models including the Crossfire which was based on the M-B SLK roadster. Other models that share platforms are the European Ford Focus, Mazda 3, differences between shared models typically involve styling, including headlights, tail lights, and front and rear fascias

15. Volkswagen Group A platform – The Volkswagen Group A platform is an automobile platform shared among compact and mid-size cars of the Volkswagen Group. It was originally based on the concept of the Volkswagen Golf Mk1. Volkswagens based on this platform have been referred to by generation number, often Mk* is substituted for A*, but this can be misleading, For example, the Mk1 and Mk2 Sciroccos are both based on the A1 platform. Under Volkswagens revised platform naming system, the A4 platform is now known as the PQ34 platform, for the first time, a fully independent suspension front and rear will be present in all A platform vehicles. There is also a version of this platform for B-class cars called PQ46. PQ35 is intended for vehicles, and PQ46 is an enlarged version for mid-size vehicles. A common misconception is that the PQ46 generation of the Passat is based on the B6 platform, however, this transverse engined Passat has little in common with the longitudinal engined B6 Audi A4

16. Volkswagen Golf Mk4 – The Volkswagen Golf Mk4 is a compact car, the fourth generation of the Volkswagen Golf and the successor to the Volkswagen Golf Mk3. Launched in October 1997, it was the best selling car in Europe in 2001, the Mk4 was a deliberate attempt to take the Volkswagen Golf series further upmarket, with a high-quality interior and higher equipment levels. It was replaced in 2004 by the Volkswagen Golf Mk5 in European Markets, however, manufacturing continued in South America, Mexico and China for developing markets until 2010. The Golf Mk4 was a significant car in its class, in fact, the quality of the Golf was on a par with its sister Audi A3 from the year before, but cost considerably more than other cars in its class. The latest model remained faithful to the Golf concept but included some of the new arched styling themes first seen on the Mk4 Passat, as with the Mk2 Golf, Volkswagen did not make a convertible version of the Mk4 Golf. Instead, they face-lifted the front bumper, fenders, grille, VW managed to incorporate some non-structural Mk4 parts as well such as fender repeaters, headlights, side mirror caps, rear license tag lights, 3-spoke steering wheel airbag, etc. The rear also received a redesigned bumper with the number plate tub moved from the hatch, there are some technical carryovers, as well, the main one being the immobilizer and engine computer from the Mk4 Golf being used with the older Mk3 engine mechanicals. Although the redesigned Golf Cabriolet looks like a Mk4 Golf, it is based on the Mk3 chassis, VW enthusiasts in mainland Europe call it a Mk4 Golf Cabriolet while VW enthusiasts in the United Kingdom and United States call it a Mk3.5 Cabrio. The Volkswagen Golf Mk4 Variant was introduced in 1999 and it was discontinued in 2006, and succeeded in 2007 by the Volkswagen Golf Mk5 Variant. Unlike the Mk3, it was offered in North America where the Jetta name, Volkswagen produced a saloon version of the Mk4 Golf. As with previous incarnations of the Golf, it had its own identity, unlike its predecessors, the Bora/Jetta featured unique rear doors, front wings and bonnet. The front doors were the body panels it shared with the Golf. The interior, though, was almost identical to the Golf, germany, South Africa, Slovakia, Brazil, Belgium, and China all made the Golf 4. Eastern European locations making the Golf 4 included Bosnia and Herzegovina, in Vogošća, however, although the Bosnian Mk4 was popular it was only available in the local market. Volkswagen made a choice of three and five-door hatchback or a station wagon available. The European Golf wagon was identical to the North American Jetta Wagon. The only difference was the use of the Golf front headlights, bumpers, grille, hood, the Golf 4 was introduced to North America in mid-1999. Available engines for the Golf at its introduction to the American market were a 2.0 L gasoline engine, the latter soon developed a reputation for good low-speed torque and fuel economy, and can operate on alternative biofuels

17. Volkswagen Jetta – The Volkswagen Jetta is a compact car/small family car produced by the German manufacturer Volkswagen since 1979. The Jetta was originally adapted by adding a conventional trunk to the Golf hatchback and it has been offered in two- and four-door saloon / sedan, and five-door wagon / estate versions – all as four- or five-seaters. Since the original version in 1980, the car has grown in size, by mid-2011, almost 10 million Jettas have been produced and sold all over the world. As of April 2014, over 14 million had sold with the car becoming Volkswagens top selling model. The Jetta became the best-selling European car in the United States, Canada, the car is also popular in Europe, including the United Kingdom, Germany, and Turkey. The Jetta was introduced to the world at the 1979 Frankfurt Auto Show, production of the first generation began in August 1979 at the Wolfsburg plant. In Mexico, the Mark 1 was known as the Volkswagen Atlantic, the car was available as a two-door sedan and four-door sedan body styles, both of which shared a traditional three-box design. Like the Volkswagen Golf Mk1, its styling was penned at ItalDesign. Styling differences could be found depending on the market, in most of the world, the car was available with composite headlamps, while in the USA, it was only available with rectangular sealed beam lamps due to Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard 108. The suspension setup was identical to the Golf and consisted of a MacPherson strut setup in front and it shared its 2,400 mm wheelbase with its hatchback counterpart, although overall length was up by 380 millimetres. The capacity of the compartment was 377 litres, making the Jetta reasonably practical. To distinguish the car from the Golf, interiors were made more upscale in all markets and this included velour seating and color coordinated sill to sill carpeting. Engine choices varied considerably depending on the local market, most were based on 827 engines of the era. Choices in petrol engines ranged from a 1.1 litre four-cylinder engine producing 37 kW, some cars were equipped with carburetors, while others were fuel-injected using K or KE Jetronic supplied by Robert Bosch GmbH. Diesel engine choices included a 1. 6-litre making 37 kilowatts, externally, the Jetta GLI was distinguished by wide body-side moldings, a black airfoil on the drivers-side windshield wiper, black plastic trim panel between the rear taillights and GLI badging. The Jetta GLI was offered in 5 colors, Black, Atlas grey and Mars red White, the GLI was offered to the US in Sedan only where Canada got the Sedan and Coupe. Volkswagen briefly considered producing the Jetta in a plant located in Sterling Heights, however, due to declining sales in North America, the decision was postponed and finally abandoned in 1982. The site was sold to Chrysler in 1983 and is still in operation as of 2009

18. Volkswagen New Beetle – The Volkswagen New Beetle is a compact car, introduced by Volkswagen in 1997, drawing heavy inspiration from the exterior design of the original Beetle. Unlike the original Beetle, the New Beetle has its engine in the front, driving the front wheels, many special editions have been released, such as the Malibu Barbie New Beetle. In May 2010, Volkswagen announced that production of the current body of the New Beetle would cease in 2011, in 2011 for the 2012 model-year, a new Beetle model, the Beetle, replaced the New Beetle. It is often referred to as the New Beetle as well, at the 1994 North American International Auto Show, Volkswagen unveiled the Concept One, a retro-themed concept car with a resemblance to the original Volkswagen Beetle. Designed by J Mays and Freeman Thomas at the companys California design studio, a red cabriolet concept was featured at the Geneva Motor Show, also in 1994. In 1996, the Volkswagen Concept Two was shown at the Tokyo Motor Show and this one had major restyling and looked a lot like the final production version, launched in 1998. The New Beetle is related to the only in name. For the 1998 model year, only the TDI compression-ignition engine was turbocharged, in June 1999, Volkswagen introduced the 1. 8T, which was the first turbocharged spark-ignition engine offered for the New Beetle. Volkswagen created a web site dedicated specifically to the 1. 8T, a convertible was added for the 2003 model-year to replace the Volkswagen Cabrio. However, the New Beetle Convertible was never offered with an engine in North America. It was assembled in VWs Puebla factory in Mexico, the Insurance Institute for Highway Safety gave the New Beetle a Good overall score in their frontal crash test. 2004 models come standard with airbags, however, the IIHS rated the Beetle Poor in their side impact test. Engine choices include the 115 hp 2.0 L inline-four for the model, the 100 hp 1.9 L TDI turbodiesel inline-four. The Turbo S model included the 1.8 L turbo and it also included a sport suspension, six-speed manual transmission, aluminum interior trim, revised front/rear fascias and bigger wheels and tires. A close relative of the Turbo S was the 2002–2004 Color Concept and this limited edition variant was available in limited exterior colors, with interior door panel inserts, seat inserts, floor mat piping and wheel opening inserts color-matched to the exterior paint. Wheel color inserts, diameter, and style varied with model year and it came standard with the 150 hp 1.8 turbo gasoline engine,5 speed manual gear box, speed-activated rear spoiler, power windows/sunroof/door locks, heated leather seats, and fog lamps. All 1. 8L Turbo and Turbo S inline-four models were equipped with a rear spoiler which was not available on the 1.9 L TDI inline-4,2.0 L inline-four and 2.5 L inline-five models. The New Beetle would not be given the upgraded 2.5 L engine that 2008 and later Jettas, the RSi is a limited 250 unit version of the New Beetle

19. Audi A3 – The Audi A3 is a Small Family/Compact car produced since 1996. The third-generation A3 uses the Volkswagen Group MQB platform, the original A3 was introduced in the European market in 1996, marking Audis return to the production of smaller cars following the demise of the Audi 50 in 1978. This was the first Volkswagen Group model to use the PQ34 or A4 platform, bearing a resemblance to the contemporary Volkswagen Golf Mk4. Within three years, this platform was used for total of seven cars, the A3 was initially available only with a three-door hatchback body, to present a more sporty image than the Golf, in both front and four-wheel drive. The inline four-cylinder engines were transversely mounted, after the A4, the Audi A3 was the second model in the Audi lineup to use five valves per cylinder. The United Kingdom market first received the Audi A3 in November 1996, the four-wheel-drive A31. 8T quattro used either the 150 PS or 180 PS engine, and the same Haldex Traction-based four-wheel-drive system as the Audi S3 and the Audi TT. Also in 1999, Audi also introduced a five-door body, Audis electronic stability control, traction-control, and brake force distribution computer became standard equipment in some countries. Although the first-generation Audi A3 was replaced in Europe in 2003, production of the first generation model stopped in Brazil in 2006. Euro NCAP rating of 4 out of 5 stars and their evaluation concluded the column lock, adjuster lever and bracket presented hazards in the knee impact area for the driver. These could cause high loads on his legs and damage to his knees. The A3 also provides almost no protection to pedestrians, giving it two out of a possible four. Audi released the A3-derived Audi S3 in 1999, only as a three-door hatchback, the inline-four 20v 1.8 L turbocharged petrol engine came in two versions,210 PS and 225 PS. Later models had variable valve timing and 225 PS, the engine had a maximum of 280 N·m torque. This is the first time a small four-cylinder engine has been used in an Audi S-series car, although dubbed quattro, the S3 uses a different four-wheel drive system. The Haldex Traction coupling adjusts the bias of torque distribution from the front to rear axle as grip requirements change – most of the time it operates as a front-wheel drive. The S3 was sold in the Europe, Japan, Mexico, South Africa, Australia, the S3 was facelifted in 2002, where it was given one-piece headlights/indicator units, different front wings, rear lights clusters, and some minor upgrades to interior trim. These items are standard in export markets. The engines used are the same as those for other cars in the Volkswagen Group

20. Audi TT – This changed with the third generation model that uses parts made entirely by the Hungarian factory. For each of its three generations, the TT has been available as a 2+2 Coupé and as a two-seater roadster employing consecutive generations of the Volkswagen Group A platform, the styling of the Audi TT began in the spring of 1994 at the Volkswagen Group Design Center in California. The TT was first shown as a car at the 1995 Frankfurt Motor Show. The design is credited to J Mays and Freeman Thomas, with Hartmut Warkuss, Peter Schreyer, Martin Smith, a previously unused laser beam welding adaptation, which enabled seamless design features on the first-generation TT, delayed its introduction. Audi did not initially offer any type of automatic transmission option for the TT, the Audi TT takes its name from the successful motor racing tradition of NSU in the British Isle of Man TT motorcycle race. NSU began competing in the TT in 1911, and later merged into the now known as Audi. The Audi TT also follows the NSU 1000TT, 1200TT and TTS cars of the 1960s in taking their names from the race, the TT name has also been attributed to the phrase Technology & Tradition. The production model was launched as a Coupé in September 1998 and it is based on the Volkswagen Group A4 platform as used for the Volkswagen Golf Mk4, the original Audi A3, the Škoda Octavia, and others. The styling differed little from the concept, except for slightly reprofiled bumpers, both the Coupé and Roadster models were recalled in late 1999/early 2000, to improve predictability of the cars handling at very high speeds. Audis Electronic Stability Programme, or Anti Slip Regulation and rear spoiler were added, all changes were subsequently incorporated into future series production versions of the car. The original generation Audi TT was nominated for the North American Car of the Year award for 2000 and it was also on Car and Driver magazines Ten Best list for 2000 and 2001. By 2003 Audi had provided a face-lift to the TT, with a number of small styling, factory production of this generation ended in June 2006. Mechanically, the TT shares an identical powertrain layout with its related Volkswagen Group platform-mates, the TT uses a transversely mounted internal combustion engine, with either front-wheel drive, or quattro on-demand four-wheel drive. It was first available with a 1. 8-litre inline four-cylinder 20-valve turbocharged engine in two states of DIN-rated power outputs,180 PS and 225 PS. Haldex Traction enabled four-wheel drive, branded as Quattro was optional on the 180 engine, the original four-cylinder engine range was complemented with a 250 PS3. 2-litre VR6 engine in early 2003, which came as standard with the quattro four-wheel-drive system. In July 2003, a new six-speed dual clutch transmission – dubbed the Direct-Shift Gearbox, in 2005, Audi released the Coupé-only limited edition Audi TT quattro Sport. Built by AUDI AG high-performance specialist subsidiary quattro GmbH, it had increased power from its 1.9 seconds, and this weight reduction was achieved by removing the spare wheel, rear counterweight, rear parcel shelf and rear seats, and the standard fitment air conditioning. The main battery was relocated to the rear of the vehicle in order to maintain weight distribution as much as possible

21. SEAT Toledo – The SEAT Toledo is a small family car produced by the Spanish manufacturer SEAT, part of Volkswagen Group. The Toledo name was first introduced to the SEAT line-up in May 1991, with the fourth, the initial version of the SEAT Toledo was launched as a five-door hatchback saloon, and its sales career lasted from 1991 to early 1999. It went on sale in most of Europe in May 1991, though it did not arrive on the British market until October 1991. The Toledo initially featured underpowered engines compared to the Ibiza and Málagas System Porsche units, such as a base 1.6 L75 PS petrol engine, and this model later received a mild facelift in 1996. Sales were not strong however, as has been the case for all the generations of the Toledo, Chery acquired the chassis of the 1993 Toledo from a Mexican dealership after authorisation from SEAT. Chery Cowin, which is based on the SEAT Toledo, already has an authorisation to market it in Europe, along with Russia and South America. Apart from the Chery rebadged models, the first generation Toledo is also built by the Russian car maker TagAZ. Carro do Ano award in 1992, in Portugal The second generation Toledo was introduced in 1998, in Britain, the Toledo may not be considered a notchback saloon. It went on there in March 1999. It shared components with both its Volkswagen and Škoda PQ34 platform-mates - the Volkswagen Bora and the Škoda Octavia - yet is the sportiest of the three, in the interior, the dashboard was derived from that of the first-generation Audi A3. It was built on the Volkswagen Golf Mk4 platform, which meant stiff springs to support the load of the large 500-litre boot increased to 830 litres when folding rear seats. One of the features most associated with the Spanish model, the tailgate was removed in favour of a more traditional 4-door saloon boot opening, the following year, the Toledo would be used as the base for a proper hatchback, the SEAT León Mk1. Base model was now a crossflow 1. 6-litre 100 PS petrol engine, followed by a 1. 8-litre 20-valve 125 PS unit, while the top of the line was represented by the 2. 3-litre 150 PS VR5 engine. Diesel engined versions used the 1.9 Turbocharged Direct Injection engine, with a variable geometry turbocharger, in 2001, the V5 engine was uprated with a 20v head, boosting power to 170 PS. Later in the series, the 1. 8-litre 20-valve Toledo received a turbocharger, capable of delivering 180 PS, and these three versions all featured a six-speed manual transmission. The 130 PS TDI also featured white dials instead of the standard black dials on the 110 and 150 PS TDI models, as in 2005 the ETCC became the World Touring Car Championship, the SEAT Toledo Cupra Mk2 competed in the WTCC from 2005 to 2006. Peter Terting replaced the German Diefenbacher, while Jason Plato also joined the team for four rounds and Marc Carol for one round. Initially the SEAT Sport UK cars were campaigned by RML Group although at the end of the year the partnership was dissolved as RML entered the WTCC, at the wheel were Jason Plato, Rob Huff, James Pickford and Luke Hines

22. Engine – An engine or motor is a machine designed to convert one form of energy into mechanical energy. Heat engines burn a fuel to heat, which is then used to create a force. Electric motors convert electrical energy into motion, pneumatic motors use compressed air. In biological systems, molecular motors, like myosins in muscles, use energy to create forces. The word engine derives from Old French engin, from the Latin ingenium–the root of the word ingenious. Pre-industrial weapons of war, such as catapults, trebuchets and battering rams, were called siege engines, the word gin, as in cotton gin, is short for engine. Most mechanical devices invented during the revolution were described as engines—the steam engine being a notable example. However, the steam engines, such as those by Thomas Savery, were not mechanical engines. In this manner, an engine in its original form was merely a water pump. Devices converting heat energy into motion are commonly referred to simply as engines, examples of engines which exert a torque include the familiar automobile gasoline and diesel engines, as well as turboshafts. Examples of engines which produce thrust include turbofans and rockets, the term motor derives from the Latin verb moto which means to set in motion, or maintain motion. Thus a motor is a device that imparts motion, motor and engine later came to be used largely interchangeably in casual discourse. However, technically, the two words have different meanings, however, rocketry uses the term rocket motor, even though they consume fuel. A heat engine may also serve as a prime mover—a component that transforms the flow or changes in pressure of a fluid into mechanical energy. An automobile powered by a combustion engine may make use of various motors and pumps. Another way of looking at it is that a motor receives power from an external source, simple machines, such as the club and oar, are prehistoric. More complex engines using human power, animal power, water power, wind power and these were used in cranes and aboard ships in Ancient Greece, as well as in mines, water pumps and siege engines in Ancient Rome. The writers of those times, including Vitruvius, Frontinus and Pliny the Elder, treat these engines as commonplace, by the 1st century AD, cattle and horses were used in mills, driving machines similar to those powered by humans in earlier times

23. Petrol engine – A petrol engine is an internal combustion engine with spark-ignition, designed to run on petrol and similar volatile fuels. In most petrol engines, the fuel and air are usually pre-mixed before compression, the process differs from a diesel engine in the method of mixing the fuel and air, and in using spark plugs to initiate the combustion process. In a diesel engine, only air is compressed, and the fuel is injected into very hot air at the end of the compression stroke, and self-ignites. The first practical petrol engine was built in 1876 in Germany by Nikolaus August Otto, although there had been attempts by Étienne Lenoir, Siegfried Marcus, Julius Hock. The first petrol engine was prototyped in 1882 in Italy by Enrico Bernardi. British engineer Edward Butler constructed the first petrol combustion engine. Butler invented the spark plug, ignition magneto, coil ignition and spray jet carburetor, with both air and fuel in a closed cylinder, compressing the mixture too much poses the danger of auto-ignition — or behaving like a diesel engine. Spark plugs are typically set statically or at idle at a minimum of 10 degrees or so of crankshaft rotation before the piston reaches T. D, higher octane petrol burns slower, therefore it has a lower propensity to auto-ignite and its rate of expansion is lower. Thus, engines designed to run high-octane fuel exclusively can achieve higher compression ratios, Petrol engines run at higher rotation speeds than diesels, partially due to their lighter pistons, connecting rods and crankshaft and due to petrol burning more quickly than diesel. However the lower compression ratios of petrol engines give petrol engines lower efficiency than diesel engines, examples, Bedford OB bus Bedford M series lorry GE 57-ton gas-electric boxcab locomotive Petrol engines may run on the four-stroke cycle or the two-stroke cycle. For details of working cycles see, Four-stroke cycle Two-stroke cycle Wankel engine Common cylinder arrangements are from 1 to 6 cylinders in-line or from 2 to 16 cylinders in V-formation. Flat engines – like a V design flattened out – are common in airplanes and motorcycles and were a hallmark of Volkswagen automobiles into the 1990s. Flat 6s are still used in many modern Porsches, as well as Subarus, less common, but notable in vehicles designed for high speeds is the W formation, similar to having 2 V engines side by side. Alternatives include rotary and radial engines the latter typically have 7 or 9 cylinders in a single ring, Petrol engines may be air-cooled, with fins, or liquid-cooled, by a water jacket and radiator. The coolant was formerly water, but is now usually a mixture of water and either ethylene glycol or propylene glycol, the cooling system is usually slightly pressurized to further raise the boiling point of the coolant. Petrol engines use spark ignition and high current for the spark may be provided by a magneto or an ignition coil. In modern car engines the ignition timing is managed by an electronic Engine Control Unit, the most common way of engine rating is what is known as the brake power, measured at the flywheel, and given in kilowatts or horsepower. This is the mechanical power output of the engine in a usable

24. Transmission (mechanics) – A transmission is a machine in a power transmission system, which provides controlled application of the power. Often the term refers simply to the gearbox that uses gears and gear trains to provide speed. In British English, the term refers to the whole drivetrain, including clutch, gearbox, prop shaft, differential. In American English, however, the term more specifically to the gearbox alone. The most common use is in vehicles, where the transmission adapts the output of the internal combustion engine to the drive wheels. Such engines need to operate at a high rotational speed, which is inappropriate for starting, stopping. The transmission reduces the engine speed to the slower wheel speed. Transmissions are also used on bicycles, fixed machines. Often, a transmission has multiple gear ratios with the ability to switch between them as speed varies and this switching may be done manually or automatically. Directional control may also be provided, single-ratio transmissions also exist, which simply change the speed and torque of motor output. The output of the transmission is transmitted via the driveshaft to one or more differentials, while a differential may also provide gear reduction, its primary purpose is to permit the wheels at either end of an axle to rotate at different speeds as it changes the direction of rotation. Conventional gear/belt transmissions are not the mechanism for speed/torque adaptation. Alternative mechanisms include torque converters and power transformation, automatic transmissions use a valve body to shift gears using fluid pressures in conjunction with an ecm. Early transmissions included the right-angle drives and other gearing in windmills, horse-powered devices, and steam engines, in support of pumping, milling, most modern gearboxes are used to increase torque while reducing the speed of a prime mover output shaft. This means that the shaft of a gearbox rotates at a slower rate than the input shaft. A gearbox can be set up to do the opposite and provide an increase in speed with a reduction of torque. Some of the simplest gearboxes merely change the rotational direction of power transmission. Many typical automobile transmissions include the ability to select one of several gear ratios, in this case, most of the gear ratios are used to slow down the output speed of the engine and increase torque

25. Manual transmission – A manual transmission, also known as a manual gearbox, stick shift, n-speed manual, standard, MT, or in colloquial U. S. English, a stick, is a type of transmission used in motor vehicle applications. The number of gear ratios is often expressed for automatic transmissions as well. Manual transmissions often feature a clutch and a movable gear stick. This type of transmission is called a sequential manual transmission. In a manual transmission, the flywheel is attached to the engines crankshaft, the clutch disk is in between the pressure plate and the flywheel, and is held against the flywheel under pressure from the pressure plate. When the engine is running and the clutch is engaged, the flywheel spins the clutch plate, as the clutch pedal is depressed, the throw out bearing is activated, which causes the pressure plate to stop applying pressure to the clutch disk. This makes the clutch plate stop receiving power from the engine, when the clutch pedal is released, the throw out bearing is deactivated, and the clutch disk is again held against the flywheel, allowing it to start receiving power from the engine. Manual transmissions are characterized by gear ratios that are selectable by locking selected gear pairs to the shaft inside the transmission. Conversely, most automatic transmissions feature epicyclic gearing controlled by brake bands and/or clutch packs to select gear ratio, automatic transmissions that allow the driver to manually select the current gear are called manumatics. A manual-style transmission operated by computer is called an automated transmission rather than an automatic. Operating aforementioned transmissions often use the pattern of shifter movement with a single or multiple switches to engage the next sequence of gear selection. The earliest form of a transmission is thought to have been invented by Louis-René Panhard. This type of transmission offered multiple gear ratios and, in most cases and these transmissions are called sliding mesh transmissions or sometimes crash boxes, because of the difficulty in changing gears and the loud grinding sound that often accompanied. Newer manual transmissions on cars have all gears mesh at all times and are referred to as constant-mesh transmissions, in both types, a particular gear combination can only be engaged when the two parts to engage are at the same speed. To shift to a gear, the transmission is put in neutral. The vehicle also slows while in neutral and that slows other transmission parts, so the time in neutral depends on the grade, wind, for both upshifts and downshifts, the clutch is released while in neutral. Some drivers use the only for starting from a stop. Even though automobile and light truck transmissions are now almost universally synchronized, transmissions for trucks and machinery, motorcycles

26. Direct-Shift Gearbox – The first actual dual-clutch transmissions derived from Porsche in-house development for 962 racing cars in the 1980s. In simple terms, a DSG is two separate gearboxes, contained within one housing, and working as one unit. It was designed by BorgWarner, and is licensed to the Volkswagen Group, by using two independent clutches, a DSG can achieve faster shift times, and eliminates the torque converter of a conventional epicyclic automatic transmission. The first DSG transaxle that went into production for the Volkswagen Group mainstream marques had six forward speeds and it has been paired to engines with up to 350 N·m of torque, and the two-wheel-drive version weighs 93 kg. It is manufactured at Volkswagen Groups Kassel plant, with a production output of 1,500 units. At the start of 2008, another world first, an additional 70 kg seven-speed DSG transaxle became available and it differs from the six-speed DSG, in that it uses two single-plate dry clutches. This clutch pack was designed by LuK Clutch Systems, LLC and it has been paired to engines with up to 250 N·m. It has considerably less oil capacity than the six-speed DQ250, this new DQ200 uses just 1.7 litres of transmission fluid, in September 2010, VW launched a new seven-speed DSG built to support up to 600 N·m, the DQ500. In late 2008, an all-new seven-speed longitudinal S tronic version of the DSG transaxle went into series production, initially, from early 2009, it is only used in certain Audi cars, and only with longitudinally mounted engines. Like the original six-speed DSG, it features a concentric dual wet multi-plate clutch, however, this particular variant uses notably more plates — the larger outer clutch uses 10 plates, whereas the smaller inner clutch uses 12 plates. Another notable change over the original transverse DSGs is the lubrication system — Audi now utilise two totally separate oil circuits, one oil circuit, consisting of 7.3 litres of conventional hypoid gear oil. This dual circuit lubrication is aimed at increasing reliability, due to eliminating cross-contamination of debris. It has a torque handling limit of up to 600 N·m and it has a total mass, including all lubricants and the dual-mass flywheel of 141.5 kg. This was initially available in their quattro all-wheel-drive variants, and is similar to the new ZF Friedrichshafen-supplied Porsche Doppel-Kupplung. The internal combustion engine drives two clutch packs, the outer clutch pack drives gears 1,3,5, and reverse — the outer clutch pack has a larger diameter compared to the inner clutch, and can therefore handle greater torque loadings. The inner clutch pack drives gears 2,4, and 6, instead of a standard large dry single-plate clutch, each clutch pack for the six-speed DSG is a collection of four small wet interleaved clutch plates. Due to space constraints, the two clutch assemblies are concentric, and the shafts within the gearbox are hollow and also concentric. Because the alternate clutch packs gear-sets can be pre-selected, un-powered time while shifting is avoided because the transmission of torque is simply switched from one clutch-pack to the other and this means that the DSG takes only about 8 milliseconds to upshift

27. Wheelbase – In both road and rail vehicles, the wheelbase is the distance between the centers of the front and rear wheels. For road vehicles with more than two axles, the wheelbase is defined as the distance between the axle and the centerpoint of the driving axle group. In the case of a truck, the wheelbase would be the distance between the steering axle and a point midway between the two rear axles. The wheelbase of a vehicle equals the distance between its front and rear wheels, at equilibrium, the total torque of the forces acting on a vehicle is zero. So, for example, when a truck is loaded, its center of gravity shifts rearward, the amount the vehicle sinks will depend on counter acting forces like the size of the tires, tire pressure, and the stiffness of the suspension. If the vehicle is accelerating or decelerating, extra torque is placed on the rear or front tire respectively, so, as is common experience, when the vehicle accelerates, the rear usually sinks and the front rises depending on the suspension. Likewise, when braking the front noses down and the rear rises, because of the effect the wheelbase has on the weight distribution of the vehicle, wheelbase dimensions are crucial to the balance and steering. For example, a car with a greater weight load on the rear tends to understeer due to the lack of the load on the front tires. This is why it is crucial, when towing a single-axle caravan, likewise, a car may oversteer or even spin out if there is too much force on the front tires and not enough on the rear tires. Also, when turning there is lateral torque placed upon the tires which imparts a turning force that depends upon the length of the distances from the CM. Wheelbases provide the basis for one of the most common vehicle size class systems, some luxury vehicles are offered with long-wheelbase variants to increase the spaciousness and therefore the luxury of the vehicle. Prime Minister of the United Kingdom Tony Blair was given a version of the Rover 75 for official use. In contrast, coupé varieties of vehicles such as the Honda Accord are usually built on shorter wheelbases than the sedans they are derived from. The wheelbase on many commercially available bicycles and motorcycles is so short, relative to the height of their centers of mass, in skateboarding the word wheelbase is used for the distance between the two inner pairs of mounting holes on the deck. This is different from the distance between the centers of the two wheel pairs. A reason for this use is that decks are sold with prefabricated holes. It is therefore easier to use the holes for measuring and describing this characteristic of the deck. A common misconception is that the choice of wheelbase is influenced by the height of the skateboarder, however, the length of the deck would then be a better candidate, because the wheelbase affects characteristics useful in different speeds or terrains regardless of the height of the skateboarder

28. China – China, officially the Peoples Republic of China, is a unitary sovereign state in East Asia and the worlds most populous country, with a population of over 1.381 billion. The state is governed by the Communist Party of China and its capital is Beijing, the countrys major urban areas include Shanghai, Guangzhou, Beijing, Chongqing, Shenzhen, Tianjin and Hong Kong. China is a power and a major regional power within Asia. Chinas landscape is vast and diverse, ranging from forest steppes, the Himalaya, Karakoram, Pamir and Tian Shan mountain ranges separate China from much of South and Central Asia. The Yangtze and Yellow Rivers, the third and sixth longest in the world, respectively, Chinas coastline along the Pacific Ocean is 14,500 kilometers long and is bounded by the Bohai, Yellow, East China and South China seas. China emerged as one of the worlds earliest civilizations in the basin of the Yellow River in the North China Plain. For millennia, Chinas political system was based on hereditary monarchies known as dynasties, in 1912, the Republic of China replaced the last dynasty and ruled the Chinese mainland until 1949, when it was defeated by the communist Peoples Liberation Army in the Chinese Civil War. The Communist Party established the Peoples Republic of China in Beijing on 1 October 1949, both the ROC and PRC continue to claim to be the legitimate government of all China, though the latter has more recognition in the world and controls more territory. China had the largest economy in the world for much of the last two years, during which it has seen cycles of prosperity and decline. Since the introduction of reforms in 1978, China has become one of the worlds fastest-growing major economies. As of 2016, it is the worlds second-largest economy by nominal GDP, China is also the worlds largest exporter and second-largest importer of goods. China is a nuclear weapons state and has the worlds largest standing army. The PRC is a member of the United Nations, as it replaced the ROC as a permanent member of the U. N. Security Council in 1971. China is also a member of numerous formal and informal multilateral organizations, including the WTO, APEC, BRICS, the Shanghai Cooperation Organization, the BCIM, the English name China is first attested in Richard Edens 1555 translation of the 1516 journal of the Portuguese explorer Duarte Barbosa. The demonym, that is, the name for the people, Portuguese China is thought to derive from Persian Chīn, and perhaps ultimately from Sanskrit Cīna. Cīna was first used in early Hindu scripture, including the Mahābhārata, there are, however, other suggestions for the derivation of China. The official name of the state is the Peoples Republic of China. The shorter form is China Zhōngguó, from zhōng and guó and it was then applied to the area around Luoyi during the Eastern Zhou and then to Chinas Central Plain before being used as an occasional synonym for the state under the Qing

29. Beijing – Beijing is the capital of the Peoples Republic of China and the worlds third most populous city proper. It is also one of the worlds most populous capital cities, the city, located in northern China, is governed as a direct-controlled municipality under the national government with 16 urban, suburban, and rural districts. Beijing is the second largest Chinese city by population after Shanghai and is the nations political, cultural. It is home to the headquarters of most of Chinas largest state-owned companies, and is a hub for the national highway, expressway, railway. The citys history dates back three millennia, as the last of the Four Great Ancient Capitals of China, Beijing has been the political centre of the country for much of the past eight centuries. Beijing was the largest city in the world by population for much of the second millennium A. D, the city is renowned for its opulent palaces, temples, parks, gardens, tombs, walls and gates. Its art treasures and universities have made it centre of culture, encyclopædia Britannica notes that few cities in the world have served for so long as the political headquarters and cultural centre of an area as immense as China. Siheyuans, the traditional housing style, and hutongs, the narrow alleys between siheyuans, are major tourist attractions and are common in urban Beijing. The city hosted the 2008 Summer Olympics and was chosen to host the 2022 Winter Olympics, many of Beijings 91 universities consistently rank among the best in China, of which Peking University and Tsinghua University are ranked in the top 60 universities in the world. Beijings Zhongguancun area is known as Chinas Silicon Valley and Chinas center of innovation. According to the 2016 InterNations Expat Insider Survey, Beijing ranked first in Asia in the subcategory Personal Finance Index, expats live primarily in urban districts such as Dongcheng and Chaoyang in the east, or in suburban districts such as Shunyi. Over the past 3,000 years, the city of Beijing has had other names. The name Beijing, which means Northern Capital, was applied to the city in 1403 during the Ming Dynasty to distinguish the city from Nanjing, the English spelling is based on the pinyin romanisation of the two characters as they are pronounced in Standard Mandarin. Those dialects preserve the Middle Chinese pronunciation of 京 as kjaeng, the single Chinese character abbreviation for Beijing is 京, which appears on automobile license plates in the city. The official Latin alphabet abbreviation for Beijing is BJ, the earliest traces of human habitation in the Beijing municipality were found in the caves of Dragon Bone Hill near the village of Zhoukoudian in Fangshan District, where Peking Man lived. Homo erectus fossils from the date to 230,000 to 250,000 years ago. Paleolithic Homo sapiens also lived more recently, about 27,000 years ago. Archaeologists have found neolithic settlements throughout the municipality, including in Wangfujing, the first walled city in Beijing was Ji, a city from the 11th to 7th century BC

30. FAW-VW Automobile – FAW-Volkswagen Automobile Co. Ltd. is a joint venture between FAW Group and Volkswagen Group which manufactures Audi and Volkswagen marque passenger cars for sale in China. Ownership of the company is, FAW – 51%, Volkswagen AG – 20%, Audi AG – 10%, FAW-VW was founded on 6 February 1991. FAW-VW is headquartered in the fringes of Changchun, Jilin Province. It has an assembly plant in Chengdu, Sichuan Province. FAW-VW is capable of producing the cars based on the platforms of PQ34, PQ35, PQ46, FAW-VWs year-on-year production volume exceeded 513,000 units as of 31.07.2009. In 2011, FAW-VW sold just over 1,000,000 automobiles, on December 5,1991, the first Volkswagen Jetta Mk2 rolled off the line. Two years later, on February 7,1993, the 10, 000th car rolled off the line. In 1995 FAW Group, Volkswagen AG and Audi AG decided to integrate Audi to the line of the joint ventures. On May 20,1996, the first Audi 200 rolled off the line, on July 10,1996, the engine shop started running. By July 1996, the company was capable of producing 150,000 cars,270,000 engines and 180,000 gearboxes in one year, in 1997 FAW-Volkswagen Sales Company Ltd. By 2002 FAW-VW took the majority of the back from FAW Group. In 1998 the Jetta König became the first car equipped with ABS system in the Chinese A-class market. In 1999 the Jetta was registered in FIA Group N category, it entered a lot of Rally events in China with FRD Sport, in 2002 the Jetta became the first mass production passenger car in China to be available with a diesel engine. On January 7,2004, the 1,000,000 car rolled off the line, on December 7,2004, FAW-VWs second car plant began operating. On August 4,2009, the 3,000, 000th car rolled off the line in car plant #2, by 2010 FAW-VW had sold over 1,000,000 Audis in China. With the celebration, a sculpture named Ode to Audi from Gerry Judah was set at the entrance of the company, according to Chinese government policy, foreign auto manufactures should develop domestic brands with their local partners. Thus FAW-VW revealed its own brand Kaili in May 2011, on August 15,2011, FAW-VW celebrated its twentieth anniversary with its one millionth car in 2011. VI Volkswagen Golf GTI Volkswagen Golf Mk

31. Notchback – Generally, the notchback refers to the distinct angle of the rear window in relation to the vehicles more horizontal roofline and its rear decklid. The term is derived from the noun, notch meaning v-cut or indentation — though as a term it eludes precise definition. The notchback may highlight a designs sharp or abrupt roof/rear-window angle, examples of reverse-rake rear window include the European Ford Anglia and U. S. Mercury Montclair that also included a window that could be lowered for breezeway ventilation. S. Automakers and automobile types starting in the early-1960s, the four-door sedans featured a more upright roofline such as the Rambler Ambassador. Chevrolet used the notchback descriptor on the Chevrolet Vega two-door thin-pillar sedan, the term became common in British English when used for the European Mark III Ford Escort and the slightly later Ford Sierra, both of which have hatchbacks as well as a slightly articulated trunk. In British English, a sedan is more generally known as a saloon. Although the term appears in a few British English publications, notchback is not a term that is used in common parlance in Britain

32. Three-box styling – The Renault Dauphine is a three-box that carries its engine in the rear and its cargo up front. The styling of the Škoda Octavia integrates a hatchback with the articulation of a three-box and this style was later used by its larger Škoda Superb, which marketed as the TwinDoor, within the liftgate operable as a trunk lid or as a full hatchback. As with the third generation European Ford Escort, the box may be vestigial. Two-box designs articulate a volume for engine and a volume that combines passenger and cargo volumes, e. g. station wagons or hatchbacks, ponton styling Coke bottle styling Glossary of automotive design

33. Fastback – FastBack is a software application developed in the late 1980s and early 1990s for backing up IBM PC and Macintosh computers. It was originally written by Fifth Generation Systems Inc, a located in Baton Rouge. When the company wanted to expand into the Apple market they purchased and rebranded a product from TouchStone Software Corporation. When combined with techniques and a proprietary disk format that got more data on each floppy disk. In 1987, FastBack Plus 1.0 for DOS was released and this version, or subsequent DOS versions, was released with an unconditional guarantee against harm resulting from use of the software in the terms and conditions. The guarantee contrasted itself with industry norms, in 1991, FastBack Plus 3.02 for DOS was released. In February 1992 the company released FastBack Plus 1.0 for Windows, FastBack Plus 2.0 was included with Novell DOS7 in 1994. FastBack II was bundled with Drive 2.4 to provide compatibility with most Macintosh 3.5 floppy disk formats. BYTE in 1989 listed Fastback Plus as among the Distinction winners of the BYTE Awards, stating if you have a hard drive. Article in 1993 Smart Computing - Utility Software, Your PCs Life Preserver A note by Dave Decker entitled Beware of FastBack in Macking 31 by Michael Pearce in the February 1998 Computer Bits

34. Lexus LS – The Lexus LS is a full-size luxury car serving as the flagship model of Lexus, the luxury division of Toyota. For the first four generations, all LS models featured V8 engines and were predominantly rear-wheel-drive, with Lexus also offering all-wheel-drive, hybrid, the fifth generation changed to using a V6 engine with no V8 option. As the first model developed by Lexus, the LS400 debuted in January 1989 with the second generation debuting in November 1994, the LS430 debuted in January 2000 and the LS 460/LS460 L series in 2006. A domestic-market version of the LS400 and LS430, badged as Toyota Celsior, was sold in Japan until the Lexus marque was introduced there in 2006, in 2006 the fourth-generation LS460 debuted the first production eight-speed automatic transmission and an automatic parking system. In 2007, V8 hybrid powertrains were introduced on the LS 600h/LS 600h L sedans, Development of the LS began in 1983 as the F1 project, the code name for a secret flagship sedan. The resulting sedan followed an extended five-year design process at a cost of over US$1 billion, the Lexus LS was intended from its inception for export markets, and the Lexus division was formed to market and service the vehicle internationally. The original LS400 debuted to strong sales, and was responsible for the successful launch of the Lexus marque. Since the start of production, each generation of the Lexus LS has been manufactured in the Japanese city of Tahara, the LS name stands for Luxury Sedan. Some Lexus importers use the name, Luxury Saloon. In August 1983, Toyota chairman Eiji Toyoda initiated the F1 project, the F1 development effort did not have a specific budget or time constraints, and the resulting vehicle did not utilize existing Toyota platforms or parts. During development, the 60 designers with 1,400 engineers in 24 teams,2,300 technicians and over 200 support workers built approximately 450 flagship prototypes and 900 engine prototypes. The teams logged 2.7 million kilometres of testing on locations ranging from winter Europe roadways, to deserts in Arizona, Australia, or Saudi Arabia, to U. S. highways, in May 1985, designers started work on the F1 project. In late 1985, designers presented the first exterior study models to F1 management, featuring a sports car-like design with a low-slung hood, by 1986, the sedan used a three-box design with an upright stance, more prominent grille, and a two-tone body. Extensive modeling and wind tunnel tests resulted in a low drag coefficient for a production vehicle of the time. For the passenger cabin, the materials-selection tests evaluated 24 different kinds of wood, by 1986, the Lexus marque was created to support the launch of the flagship sedan, and the vehicle became known as the Lexus LS. In January 1989, the LS400 made its debut as a 1990 model at the North American International Auto Show, in Detroit, U. S. sales began in September 1989, followed by limited exports to Australia, Canada, and the United Kingdom. The chassis used an independent, double-wishbone suspension setup, and an air suspension system was optional. The LS 400s 0–100 kilometres per hour time was 8.5 seconds, at its introduction in 1989, it won the Car of the Year Japan award

35. Volkswagen Polo Mk4 – The Volkswagen Polo Mk4 is the fourth generation of the Volkswagen Polo supermini car produced by the German manufacturer Volkswagen. It was marketed from early 2002 to 2009 in most countries except Brazil and it is still manufactured in South Africa, where it is sold as the Polo Vivo. The Mk4 replaced the Volkswagen Polo Mk3, while the Polo Vivo replaced the Citi Golf, launched in September 2001 at the Frankfurt Motor Show, the fourth generation Polo was made available in early 2002. The car is all new, and bears structural resemblance to the 6K than the 6N. At a length of over 3,900 mm, the South African-built Polo Vivo is longer than the first generation of its larger sibling, the Volkswagen Golf Mk1,3,820 mm in length. In January 2009, Volkswagen Group of America CEO Stefan Jacoby announced that the Polo will finally reach North America to join the vehicle line-up as a true entry-level car below the Rabbit. However, the Polo Mk4 was never released in the North American market, leaving the speculation for its successor, when the Mk5 was introduced in European markets, it was not made available for US sale. Due to the demand for SUVs, VWoA management confirmed the Mk5 was not slated for a US introduction in the foreseeable future. If the Mk5 had been introduced in the US, it was anticipated to be built at Volkswagens plant in Puebla, Mexico, alongside the Jetta, as of 2016, there are still no plans to introduce the Polo Mk5 or future generations of the Polo in the US. A fully automatic air conditioning system, named Climatronic, was also offered, a six-speed semi-automatic transmission was added from mid-2006, after the facelift, also available only with the 1. 4-litre 80 PS or with the 1. 6-litre 105 PS petrol engines. There was also a version of the Polo, with off-road styling, named Polo Fun. According to Volkswagen, the generation of the Polo would receive the 4motion option. Both turbocharged and unturbocharged diesel engines were available such as the 4-cylinder 1.9 L SDI which also offered 64 PS but with 125 N·m of torque, slightly more than some petrol powered units. As well as the unturbocharged SDI engine, newer TDI PD turbodiesel units were available, these being a 1.9 L with 100 PS. A sporty 1.9 TDI PD model, named Polo GT, was launched in 2004, a sedan version was launched in November 2003. It was produced in Brazil, South Africa and China and exported to the rest of Latin America and Australia, as well as to Europe. With the introduction of the Polo Classic saloon in the Australian market in 2004, compared to the hatchback model, the Polo Sedan is completely re-styled from the B-pillar rearwards. The window line has an upward incline and the roof features Volkswagen’s trademark curves

36. Volkswagen Passat – The Volkswagen Passat is a large family car produced by the German automaker Volkswagen since 1973, through eight design generations. In 2008, Volkswagen extended its range with the launch of the Passat CC, Volkswagen currently markets two variants of the Passat globally. In January 2011, Volkswagen announced that the new mid-size sedan being built at the Volkswagen Chattanooga Assembly Plant for the North American market would be named the Passat, Shanghai Volkswagen Automotive also manufactures the Passat NMS in its Nanjing factory. The NMS is sold in the North American, South Korean, Chinese, the Volkswagen Passat NMS won the 2012 Motor Trend Car of the Year. A new Passat model entered production in Europe in 2014, based on the MQB platform, the original Volkswagen Passat was launched in 1973. The body types offered originally were two- and four-door sedans and similar looking three-, externally all four shared a modern fastback style design, styled by the Italian designer Giorgetto Giugiaro. In essence, the first Passat was a version of the mechanically identical Audi 80 sedan. A five-door station wagon was introduced in 1974, in Europe, the Passat was equipped with two rectangular, two round 7-inch, or four round 5. 5-inch headlights depending on specification. The Passat was one of the most modern European family cars at the time, the only other European cars of its size to feature front-wheel drive and a hatchback were the Renault 16 and Austin Maxi. It had a MacPherson strut front suspension with a solid axle/coil spring setup at the rear, the SOHC1. 5-litre was enlarged to 1. 6-litre in August 1975 with unchanged power ratings and slightly higher torque ratings. In July 1978 the Passat Diesel became available, equipped with the VW Golfs 1. 5-litre diesel, in North America, the car was called the Volkswagen Dasher. The three- and five-door hatchback and a wagon model were launched in North America for. Sole available engine was a carburetted 1. 5-litre inline-four developing 75 hp, North American cars were equipped with single DOT standard headlights. In 1978 the Dasher received a facelift along the lines of the European Passat, with sealed beam headlights. The trim was upgraded and the ride softened. 1979 saw the introduction of the 1. 5-litre diesel engine, 0–100 km/h time for the Diesel was 19.4 seconds,6.2 seconds slower than the gasoline engine. All gasoline engines were dropped for North America in 1981 in preparation for the next generation, in Brazil, the Passat B1 was produced from June 1974 until 1988. Since the Audi 80 was not marketed in Brazil, the Passat received the Audis different front-end treatment after a facelift for 1979, a sports version, named Passat TS1.6 and later Passat GTS1.8 Pointer was also introduced

37. Volkswagen Magotan – The Volkswagen Passat is a large family car produced by the German automaker Volkswagen since 1973, through eight design generations. In 2008, Volkswagen extended its range with the launch of the Passat CC, Volkswagen currently markets two variants of the Passat globally. In January 2011, Volkswagen announced that the new mid-size sedan being built at the Volkswagen Chattanooga Assembly Plant for the North American market would be named the Passat, Shanghai Volkswagen Automotive also manufactures the Passat NMS in its Nanjing factory. The NMS is sold in the North American, South Korean, Chinese, the Volkswagen Passat NMS won the 2012 Motor Trend Car of the Year. A new Passat model entered production in Europe in 2014, based on the MQB platform, the original Volkswagen Passat was launched in 1973. The body types offered originally were two- and four-door sedans and similar looking three-, externally all four shared a modern fastback style design, styled by the Italian designer Giorgetto Giugiaro. In essence, the first Passat was a version of the mechanically identical Audi 80 sedan. A five-door station wagon was introduced in 1974, in Europe, the Passat was equipped with two rectangular, two round 7-inch, or four round 5. 5-inch headlights depending on specification. The Passat was one of the most modern European family cars at the time, the only other European cars of its size to feature front-wheel drive and a hatchback were the Renault 16 and Austin Maxi. It had a MacPherson strut front suspension with a solid axle/coil spring setup at the rear, the SOHC1. 5-litre was enlarged to 1. 6-litre in August 1975 with unchanged power ratings and slightly higher torque ratings. In July 1978 the Passat Diesel became available, equipped with the VW Golfs 1. 5-litre diesel, in North America, the car was called the Volkswagen Dasher. The three- and five-door hatchback and a wagon model were launched in North America for. Sole available engine was a carburetted 1. 5-litre inline-four developing 75 hp, North American cars were equipped with single DOT standard headlights. In 1978 the Dasher received a facelift along the lines of the European Passat, with sealed beam headlights. The trim was upgraded and the ride softened. 1979 saw the introduction of the 1. 5-litre diesel engine, 0–100 km/h time for the Diesel was 19.4 seconds,6.2 seconds slower than the gasoline engine. All gasoline engines were dropped for North America in 1981 in preparation for the next generation, in Brazil, the Passat B1 was produced from June 1974 until 1988. Since the Audi 80 was not marketed in Brazil, the Passat received the Audis different front-end treatment after a facelift for 1979, a sports version, named Passat TS1.6 and later Passat GTS1.8 Pointer was also introduced

38. Volkswagen Golf Mk6 – The Volkswagen Golf Mk6 is a compact car, the sixth generation of the Volkswagen Golf and the successor to the Volkswagen Golf Mk5. It was unveiled at the Paris Auto Show in October 2008, Volkswagen released pictures and information on 6 August 2008, prior to the official unveiling. The vehicle was released to the European market in the winter of 2008, although billed as the Mk6, the new model was in effect a thoroughly re-engineered facelift of the previous model. In January 2013, it was superseded by the Volkswagen Golf Mk7, like its predecessor, the Mk6 Golf is based on the Volkswagen Group A5 platform.5 Mk4. Improvements in equipment level on the domestic market Golfs include, for the first time in a Golf, additionally, dual-zone climate control is included in the Autobahn trim for North America. The company is talking confidently about launching in Germany during 2009 a BlueMotion low emissions Golf and, available engines for North American Golf include the 2.5 L I5 engine from the previous Mk5 Rabbit and Mk5 Jetta and the 2. 0-litre TDI. GTI version features the 2. 0-litre TSI and it was one of the safest vehicles in its class at the time of its release. The new Volkswagen Golf Cabriolet was presented at the 2011 Geneva International Motor Show, the four-seater has a soft top with an electro-hydraulic drive that opens the Golfs top in 9.5 seconds. The top can also be opened or closed during driving at speeds of up to 30 km/h, after a nine years without a convertible Golf, it was the first Cabriolet model under the Golf family since 2002. Unlike the regular Golf, the Cabriolet has LED rear lights, safety features include the automatically deploying roll-over bar, front airbags, side head/thorax airbags, knee airbag for the driver and ESP. There are six turbocharged direct-injection engines whose power outputs range from 77 kW to 155 kW, four of the petrol engines and one diesel are available with the DSG dual-clutch gearbox, while three of the engines are available with energy-saving BlueMotion Technology. In February 2012, Volkswagen announced that they would build a Cabriolet version of the GTI, as of October 2016, VW announced that the Golf cabriolet will no longer be sold in the U. K. due to financial reasons. It is sold in the USA as the Jetta Sportwagen, in Mexico and Canada as the Golf Wagon, in 2014 the Golf Plus was replaced by the MQB based Golf Sportsvan, which was originally shown as the Sportvan concept. Volkswagen CEO Martin Winterkorn announced Golf Twin Drive plug-in hybrid concept based on Mk5 Golf, the car can run about 50 kilometres on battery power. The combined power is 128 kW, Volkswagen developed the Twin Drive system with eight German partners, and is planning a trial fleet of 20 Golfs outfitted with the system in 2010. The production version was expected to be based on new Mk6 Golf, featuring a 1.5 L turbodiesel engine and electric motor and it is a concept car based on Golf GTI. 2. 0-liter TSI engine is rated 155 kW with top speed of 238 km/h and it includes Firespark Metallic red body with GTI stripes, high-gloss black 19-inch alloy spoke wheels, smoked LED taillight, lowered sport chassis, new sport exhaust. The vehicle was unveiled at GTI Meet at Wörthersee, there was much speculation about this vehicle, with uncertainly surrounding its name

39. Concept car – A concept car is a car made to showcase new styling and/or new technology. They are often shown at shows to gauge customer reaction to new. General Motors designer Harley Earl is generally credited with inventing the concept car, concept cars never go into production directly. In modern times all would have to undergo many changes before the design is finalized for the sake of practicality, safety, regulatory compliance, a production-intent vehicle, as opposed to a concept vehicle, serves this purpose. They are also known as prototype cars, but should not be confused with prototype race cars such as the Le Mans Prototype, concept cars are often radical in engine or design. Some use non-traditional, exotic, or expensive materials, ranging from paper to carbon fiber to refined alloys, others have unique layouts, such as gullwing doors,3 or 5 wheels, or special abilities not usually found on cars. Because of these often impractical or unprofitable leanings, many concept cars never get past scale models, other more traditional concepts can be developed into fully drivable vehicles with a working drivetrain and accessories. The state of most concept cars lies somewhere in between and does not represent the final product, a very small proportion of concept cars are functional to any useful extent, some cannot move safely at anything above 10 mph. Inoperative mock-ups are usually made of wax, clay, metal, fiberglass, if drivable, the drivetrain is often borrowed from a production vehicle from the same company, or may have defects and imperfections in design. They can also be refined, such as General Motors Cadillac Sixteen concept. After a concept cars useful life is over, the cars are usually destroyed, some survive, however, either in a companys museum or hidden away in storage. allcarindex. com - The index of concept cars is dedicated to the showcars and concept automobiles

40. Station wagon – The body style transforms a standard three-box design into a two-box design — to include an A, B, and C-pillar, as well as a D-pillar. Station wagons can flexibly reconfigure their interior volume via fold-down rear seats to prioritize passenger or cargo volume. Can be loaded through a tailgate, when a model range includes multiple body styles, such as sedan, hatchback and station wagon, the models typically share their platform, drivetrain and bodywork forward of the A-pillar. In 1969, Popular Mechanics said, Station wagon-style, follows that of the production sedan of which it is the counterpart. Most are on the wheelbase, offer the same transmission and engine options. Station wagons have evolved from their use as specialized vehicles to carry people and luggage to and from a train station. Station wagon and wagon are the names in American, Canadian, New Zealand, Australian and African English, while estate car. Both names harken to the role as a shuttle, with storage space for baggage. Having shared antecedents with the British shooting-brake, station wagons have been marketed as breaks, early U. S. models often had exposed wooden bodies and were therefore called woodies. Manufacturers may designate station wagons across various model lines with a proprietary nameplate. Examples include Estate, Avant, Touring, Tourer and Cross-Tourer, SW for Station Wagon or Sports Wagon, Estate, MCV, Tourer, Kombi or Variant and Sports Tourer, SW - Sportswagon or Caravan. Both station wagons and hatchbacks typically share a two-box design configuration, with one shared, flexible, interior volume for passengers and cargo — and a rear door for cargo access. Further distinctions are highly variable, Pillars, Both configurations typically feature A, B & C-pillars, station wagons feature a D-pillar, cargo Volume, Station wagons prioritize passenger and cargo volume — with windows aside the cargo volume. Cargo floor contour, Favoring cargo capacity, a station wagon may prioritize a fold-flat floor, seating, Station wagons may have two or three rows of seats while hatchbacks may only have one or two. Rear suspension, A station wagon may include reconfigured rear suspension for additional load capacity, Station wagons have also enjoyed numerous tailgate configurations. Hatchbacks may be called Liftbacks when the area is very sloped. You could have a 90-degree break in the back and have a station wagon, a model range may include multiple configurations, as with the 2005–2007 Ford Focus which offered sedan, wagon and three and five-door hatchback models. The first station wagons were a product of the age of train travel and they were originally called depot hacks because they worked around train depots as hacks

41. Sedan (automobile) – A sedan /sᵻˈdæn/ or saloon is a passenger car in a three-box configuration with A, B & C-pillars and principal volumes articulated in separate compartments for engine, passenger and cargo. The passenger compartment features two rows of seats and adequate passenger space in the compartment for adult passengers. The cargo compartment is typically in the rear, with the exception of some rear-engined models, such as the Renault Dauphine, Tatra T613, Volkswagen Type 3 and it is one of the most common car body styles. A battery electric sedan such as the Tesla Model S has no engine compartment, but a front cargo compartment, the primary purpose of the sedan is to transport people and their baggage on ordinary roads. Sedan versions of the body style have a central pillar that supports the roof and come in two-. Sedans usually have a two-box or three-box body, popular in the U. S. from the 1950s through the 1970s, true hardtop body designs have become increasingly rare. For example,1962 Rambler Classic sedans feature identical windshield, A-pillar, roof, C-pillar, and rear window. A two- or four-door design built on a chassis, but with a shorter roof and interior space. Originating from the car on a Pullman passenger train that was well appointed. A notchback sedan is a sedan, where the passenger volume is clearly distinct from the trunk volume of the vehicle. The roof is on one plane, generally parallel to the ground, the window at a sharp angle to the roof. A fastback sedan is a sedan, with continuous slope from the roof to the base of the decklid. They are not fastbacks because their bodyline changes from the roof to the rear deck and their steeply raked rear windows end with a decklid that does not continue down to the bumper. Instead, their ends are tall — sometimes in a Kammback style — to increase trunk space. Typically this design is chosen for its aerodynamic advantages, automakers can no longer afford the penalty in fuel consumption produced by the traditional notchback three box form. In historic terminology, a sedan will have a frame around the door windows, a true hardtop design also has no center or B pillar for roof support behind the front doors). This pillarless body style offers greater visibility, however, it requires extra underbody strengthening for structural rigidity. The hardtop design can be considered separately, or it can be called a hardtop sedan, during the 1960s and 1970s, hardtop sedans were often sold as sport sedans by several American manufacturers and they were among the top selling body styles

42. Headlamp – A headlamp is a lamp attached to the front of a vehicle to light the road ahead. Other vehicles, such as trains and aircraft, are required to have headlamps, bicycle headlamps are often used on bicycles, and are required in some jurisdictions. They can be powered by a battery or a small generator mechanically integrated into the workings of the bicycles, the earliest headlamps were fueled by acetylene or oil, and were introduced in the late 1880s. Acetylene lamps were popular because the flame is resistant to wind, the first electric headlamps were introduced in 1898 on the Columbia Electric Car from the Electric Vehicle Company of Hartford, Connecticut, and were optional. Prest-O-Lite acetylene lights were offered by a number of manufacturers as standard equipment for 1904, in 1912, Cadillac integrated their vehicles Delco electrical ignition and lighting system, creating the modern vehicle electrical system. The 1924 Bilux bulb was the first modern unit, having the light for both low and high beams of a headlamp emitting from a single bulb, a similar design was introduced in 1925 by Guide Lamp called the Duplo. In 1927, the foot-operated dimmer switch or dip switch was introduced, 1933–34 Packards were equipped with tri-beam headlamps, the bulbs having three filaments. From highest to lowest, the beams were called country passing, country driving, the last vehicle with a foot-operated dimmer switch were the 1991 Ford F-Series and E-Series vans. Fog lamps were new for 1938 Cadillacs, and their 1954 Autronic Eye system automated the selection of high, directional lighting was introduced in the rare, one-year-only 1935 Tatra 77a, and later popularised by the Citroen DS. This made it possible to turn the light in the direction of travel when the wheel was turned. Because the law was written to prevent bad headlights, it by design looks backwards and has not been able to deal with improved. In 1957, the law changed slightly, permitting Americans to possess vehicles with four 5. 75-inch round sealed beam headlamps, and in 1974, these lights were permitted to be rectangular as well. Clear aerodynamic headlight covers were illegal in the U. S. until 1983, so a work-around was used for the U. S. market, the pop-up headlight. This headlamp format was not widely accepted in continental Europe, which found replaceable bulbs and variations in the size and this led to different front-end designs for each side of the Atlantic for decades. Technology moved forward in the rest of the world, the first halogen lamp for vehicle headlamp use, the H1, was introduced in 1962 by a European consortium of bulb and headlamp makers. Shortly thereafter, headlamps using the new light source were introduced in Europe and these were effectively prohibited in the US, where standard-size sealed beam headlamps were mandatory and intensity regulations were low. US lawmakers faced pressure to act, both due to lighting effectiveness and vehicle aerodynamics/fuel savings, halogen sealed beams now dominate the sealed beam market, which has declined steeply since replaceable-bulb headlamps were permitted in 1983. High-intensity discharge systems were introduced in the early 1990s, first in the BMW 7-series, 1996s Lincoln Mark VIII was an early American effort at HIDs, and was the only car with DC HIDs

43. Taillight – The lighting system of a motor vehicle consists of lighting and signalling devices mounted or integrated to the front, rear, sides, and in some cases the top of a motor vehicle. Emergency vehicles usually carry distinctive lighting equipment to warn drivers and indicate priority of movement in traffic, early road vehicles used fueled lamps, before the availability of electric lighting. For example, the first introduced Ford Model T used carbide lamps for headlamps and it did not have all-electric lighting as a standard feature until after several years on the market. Dynamos for automobile headlamps were first fitted around 1908 and became commonplace in 1920s automobiles, silent film start Florence Lawrence is often credited with designing the first “auto signaling arm”, a predecessor to the modern turn signal, along with the first mechanical brake signal. She did not patent these inventions, however, and as a result she received no credit for–or profit from–either one, tail lamps and brake lamps were introduced around 1915, and by 1919 dip headlamps were available. The sealed beam headlamp was introduced in 1936 and standardised as the only type in the USA in 1940. Self-cancelling turn signals were developed in 1940, by 1945 headlamps and signal lamps were integrated into the body styling. Halogen headlamp light sources were developed in Europe in 1960, HID headlamps were produced starting in 1991. In 1993, the first LED tail lamps were installed on mass-production automobiles, LED headlamps were introduced in the first decade of the 21st century. The colour of light emitted by vehicle lights is largely standardised by longstanding convention and it was first codified in the 1949 Vienna Convention on Road Traffic and later specified in the 1968 United Nations Convention on Road Traffic. No other colours are permitted except on emergency vehicles, forward illumination is provided by high- and low- beam headlamps, which may be augmented by auxiliary fog lamps, driving lamps, or cornering lamps. Dipped-beam headlamps provide a distribution to give adequate forward and lateral illumination without dazzling other road users with excessive glare. This beam is specified for use other vehicles are present ahead. UN Regulations for headlamps specify a beam with a sharp, asymmetric cutoff preventing significant amounts of light from being cast into the eyes of drivers of preceding or oncoming cars, control of glare is less strict in the United States-based Society of Automotive Engineers beam standard. It is contained in Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard 108, main-beam headlamps provide an intense, centre-weighted distribution of light with no particular control of glare. Therefore, they are suitable for use when alone on the road. ECE and Japanese Regulations permit higher-intensity, high-beam headlamps than allowed under US regulations, auxiliary high beam lamps may be fitted to provide high intensity light to enable the driver to see at longer range than the vehicles high beam headlamps may be fitted. Such lamps are most notably fitted on rallying cars, and are fitted to production vehicles derived from or imitating such cars

44. Brand – A brand is a name, term, design, symbol, or other feature that distinguishes one seller’s product from those of others. Brands are used in business, marketing, and advertising, however, the term has been extended to mean a strategic personality for a product or company, so that ‘brand’ now suggests the values and promises that a consumer may perceive and buy into. Branding is a set of marketing and communication methods that help to distinguish a company from competitors, the key components that form a brands toolbox include a brand’s identity, brand communication, brand awareness, brand loyalty, and various branding strategies. Brand equity is the totality of a brands worth and is validated by assessing the effectiveness of these branding components. To reach such an invaluable brand prestige requires a commitment to a way of doing business. A corporation who exhibits a strong brand culture is dedicated on producing intangible outputs such as customer satisfaction, reduced price sensitivity and customer loyalty. A brand is in essence a promise to its customers that they can expect long-term security, when a customer is familiar with a brand or favours it incomparably to its competitors, this is when a corporation has reached a high level of brand equity. Many companies are beginning to understand there is often little to differentiate between products in the 21st century. Branding remains the last bastion for differentiation, in accounting, a brand defined as an intangible asset is often the most valuable asset on a corporation’s balance sheet. The word ‘brand’ is often used as a referring to the company that is strongly identified with a brand. Marque or make are often used to denote a brand of motor vehicle, a concept brand is a brand that is associated with an abstract concept, like breast cancer awareness or environmentalism, rather than a specific product, service, or business. A commodity brand is a associated with a commodity. The word, brand, derives from Dutch brand meaning to burn and this product was developed at Dhosi Hill, an extinct volcano in northern India. Roman glassmakers branded their works, with Ennion being the most prominent, the Italians used brands in the form of watermarks on paper in the 13th century. Blind Stamps, hallmarks, and silver-makers marks are all types of brand, industrialization moved the production of many household items, such as soap, from local communities to centralized factories. When shipping their items, the factories would literally brand their logo or insignia on the barrels used, Bass & Company, the British brewery, claims their red-triangle brand as the worlds first trademark. Another example comes from Antiche Fornaci Giorgi in Italy, which has stamped or carved its bricks with the same proto-logo since 1731, cattle-branding has been used since Ancient Egypt. The term, maverick, originally meaning an un-branded calf, came from a Texas pioneer rancher, Sam Maverick, use of the word maverick spread among cowboys and came to apply to unbranded calves found wandering alone

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